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BENNETTS  LATIN  SERIES. 

LATIN  GRAMMAR,     12mo,  cloth,  282  pages. 
LATIN   LESSONS.     1 6mo,  cloth.  1 9 1  pages. 
FOUNDATIONS  OF  LATIN.     12mo,  cloth,  250  pages. 
PREPARATORY  LATIN  WRITER  (based  on  Caesar).     16mo, 

cloth,  202  pages. 
LATIN  COMPOSITION  (based  on  Cicero).     16mo,  cloth,  172 

pages. 
QUANTITATIVE   READING  OF   LATIN    POETRY.      12mo, 

paper,  49  pages. 
CAESAR'S  GALLIC  WAR,  Books  I.-IV.      12mo,  doth,  354 

pages. 
CICERO'S  SELECTED  ORATIONS.  12mo,  cloth,  374  pages. 
VIRGIL'S  AENEID,  Books  I.-VI.     12mo,  cloth,  491  pages. 


BENNETT'S   LATIN   SERIES 


THE 

FOUNDATIONS  OF  LATIN 

A  BOOK  FOB  BEGINNEB8 

BY 
CHARLES   E.    BENNETT 

PROFESSOR  OF  LATIN  IN   CORNELL  UNIVERSITY 


REVISED  EDITION 


ALLYN    AND    BACON 

Boston  anti  Cijicap 


COPYRIGHT.   1898  AND   1903, 
BY  CHARLES   E.   BENNETT. 

GIFT  OF 


J.  S.  Gushing  &  Co.  —  Berwick  &  Smith 
Norwood  Mass.  U.S.A. 


f 


)^G3 


PEEFACE. 

The  great  favor  with  which  the  first  edition  of  this  book 
was  received  has  prompted  me  to  endeavor  to  meet  the  only 
criticism  upon  it  that  has  been  brought  to  my  attention. 
This  criticism  touched  the  amount  of  matter  offered  for  trans- 
lation in  the  daily  lessons.  Some  teachers  found  this  amount 
too  little,  and  it  is  to  meet  their  wishes  and  needs  that  the 
present  revised  edition  is  now  issued.  The  number  of  sen- 
tences in  the  exercises  has  been  increased  fully  thirty-five  per 
cent  as  compared  with  that  in  the  first  edition.  Besides  this, 
frequent  review  lessons  have  been  added  and  some  twenty 
simple  passages  of  continuous  discourse  have  been  inserted 
at  suitable  points.  Most  of  these  have  been  taken,  with  the 
permission  of  Messrs.  Longmans,  Green  &  Co.,  from  their 
First  Latin  Reading  Book,  It  is  hoped  that  they  may  add 
an  element  of  interest  to  the  book  without  detracting  from  its 
disciplinary  value. 


CHARLES  E.  BENNETT. 


Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  N.Y., 
December,  1902. 


In  reprinting  this  volume,  I  have  changed  the  marking  of 
most  vowels  before  gn.  Eecent  investigation  has  shown  that, 
except  in  regnum,  regno,  and  a  few  other  words,  the  vowel  is 
regularly  short  before  gn,  I  also  now  regard  the  a  of  maximus, 
maxime  as  short,  and  have  so  marked  it. 

C.  E.  B. 

March,  1907. 


M131550 


PREFACE   TO   FIRST  EDITION. 

Twenty  years  ago  the  beginner's  Latin  books  published  in 
this  country  followed  the  plan  of  an  orderly  development, 
first  of  the  forms,  and  then  of  the  syntax,  of  the  language. 
Since  that  time  a  different  practice  has  been  inaugurated,  and 
most  books  for  beginners  now  present  no  connected  and  syste- 
matic development  either  of  forms  or  of  syntax.  The  con- 
jugation of  the  verb,  for  example,  is  not  given  connectedly 
and  continuously,  but  is  variously  dismembered  and  scattered 
throughout  the  book.  So  in  the  syntax  the  different  construc- 
tions of  a  case  or  a  mood  are  not  presented  in  connection  with 
each  other,  but  are  mutually  detached  and  introduced  one  by 
one,  here  and  there. 

This  plan  has  long  seemed  to  me  pedagogically  unsound, 
and  in  practice  I  fear  that  it  has  not  enabled  us  to  realize  the 
best  results  in  our  elementary  Latin  instruction.  To  me  no 
principle  of  teaching  seems  more  vital  and  fundamental  than 
that  of  presenting  together  to  the  pupil  those  things  that 
naturally  belong  together.  This  conviction  is  not  merely 
founded  in  theory,  but  has  been  steadily  forced  «pon  me  by 
actual  experience.  Hence  it  has  appeared  to  me  psychologi- 
cally more  natural  in  elementary  Latin  teaching  to  present  in 
conjunction  with  each  other  the  different  declensions  of  nouns, 
the  several  conjugations  of  the  verb,  the  various  constructions 
of  the  accusative,  the  genitive,  the  ablative,  etc.  That  these 
different  categories  which  I  have  just  enumerated  do  naturally 
belong  together  and  have  an  organic  connection  seems  to  be 


Preface  to  First  Edition,  ¥ 

recognized  by  tlie  universal  custom  of  so  presenting  them  in 
our  Latin  grammars. 

Again,  it  is  of  great  importance  that  the  pupil  should,  in 
his  first  introduction  to  Latin,  learn  in  conjunction  with  each 
other  those  facts  that  he  is  ultimately  to  associate  together. 
This  is  impossible  with  the  method  of  arrangement  which  I 
am  criticising.  Pupils  spend  a  part  of  the  first  year,  or  pos- 
sibly the  whole  of  it,  on  the  beginner's  book.  They  then,  in 
connection  with  their  reading  of  Latin  authors,  make  a  sys- 
tematic study  of  the  grammar  for  the  next  three  years.  Is 
there  not  an  unreasonable  waste  of  energy,  if  the  order  of 
presentation  in  the  one  book  is  made  to  deviate  widely  from 
that  followed  in  the  other  ?  And  is  there  not  a  corresponding 
economy  of  time  and  effort,  if  the  pupil  becomes  familiar  in 
the  beginner's  book  with  the  arrangement  which  must  ulti- 
mately be  followed  in  the  grammar  ? 

As  justification  for  the  prevalent  custom  of  dismembering 
the  declensions  and  conjugations  in  our  beginner's  books,  it  is 
doubtless  urged  that  the  acquisition  of  the  forms  is  difficult, 
and  that  the  plan  of  gradual  presentation  is  intended  to  facili- 
tate the  process  of  learning  them.  But  is  it  not  a  fallacy  to 
imagine  that  any  such  hesitating,  timid  policy  is  likely  to  be 
successful  in  guiding  the  pupil  to  a  mastery  of  his  inflections  ? 
Is  not  the  plan  of  resolute,  systematic,  sustained  attack  upon 
the  declensions  and  conjugations  the  more  logical,  and  has 
any  other  ever  yielded  as  good  results  in  actual  experience  ? 
Certainly  to  me  Latin  pupils  to-day  seem  to  know  their  forms 
less  accurately  than  did  the  pupils  of  twenty  years  ago,  and 
this  impression  I  find  entertained  by  teachers  of  prominence 
in  our  best  institutions. 

The  foregoing  considerations  have  impelled  me  in  this  book 
to  present  the  forms  before  the  syntax,  and  in  both  forms  and 
syntax  to  follow  the  usual  order  of  the  Latin  grammars.  The 
only  deviations  from  rigid  conformity  with  this  programme 
have  been  the  following ; 


vi  Preface  to  First  Edition, 

The  inflection  of  the  present  indicative  of  sum  and  of  a 
paradigm  of  the  present  indicative  active  of  a  verb  of  the  first 
conjugation  are  given  at  the  outset. 

Adjectives  of  the  first  and  second  declensions  are  given 
immediately  after  the  second  declension  of  nouns. 

Such  syntactical  principles  as  are  necessary  for  the  compre- 
hension and  construction  of  simple  sentences  are  also  given  in 
the  earliest  lessons ;  for  example,  the  rules  for  subject,  object, 
predicate  nouns,  appositives,  agreement  of  adjectives  with 
noun,  and  of  verb  with  subject.  But  a  very  little  here  is 
amply  sufi&cient  for  all  rational  needs  until  the  forms  have 
been  acquired.  '  One  thing  at  a  time '  is  a  good  motto ;  and 
until  the  inflections  are  learned,  and  well  learned,  the  pecu- 
liarities of  Latin  syntax  would  better  be  kept  in  the  back- 
ground. 

The  English-Latin  exercises  for  the  first  thirty-two  chapters 
(III.-XXXIV.)  are  intentionally  detached  from  the  lessons 
and  placed  together  after  Chapter  LX.,  where  they  are  num- 
bered to  correspond  with  the  lessons  with  which  they  may  be 
used.  My  purpose  was  to  discourage  the  use  of  English-Latin 
exercises  during  the  acquisition  of  the  forms.  Experience 
shows  that  the  writing  of  even  the  simplest  Latin  exercises 
at  the  outset  of  one's  study  takes  no  small  amount  of  time. 
These  simple  sentences  involve  a  multitude  of  little  details,  — 
vocabulary,  syntax,  word-order,  etc.,  —  as  well  as  a  knowledge 
of  the  inflections  themselves.  Of  the  ultimate  indispensable- 
ness  of  such  exercises,  there  is  no  question,  but,  during  the 
acquisition  of  the  forms,  a  rather  long  personal  experience  as 
teacher  of  elementary  Latin  has  taught  me  to  believe  that  the 
teacher  can  by  skilful  oral  exercises  and  blackboard  work  on 
the  forms  themselves  accomplish  vastly  more  toward  their 
mastery  by  the  pupil  than  by  devoting  any  amount  of  time 
to  the  writing  of  Latin  exercises.  The  writing  of  Latin  is 
admirably  adapted  to  giving  drill  in  Latin  syntax,  but  it 
is  not  the  most  effective  way  of  teaching  the  forms.     The 


Preface  to  First  Edition,  vii 

amount  of  drill  in  the  forms  gained  by  a  written  exercise 
requiring  half  an  hour  in  its  preparation  would  hardly  be  as 
much  as  can  be  given  in  five  minutes  by  the  brisk  oral  ques- 
tioning of  an  entire  class  or  by  simultaneous  blackboard  work ; 
nor  would  it  be  nearly  so  effective.  I  would  therefore  ear- 
nestly advise  deferring  the  English-Latin  exercises  until  the 
beginning  of  the  syntax,  where  such  exercises  regularly  ac- 
company each  lesson.  Pupils  who  have  mastered  their  forms 
will  find  no  diificulty  with  the  English-Latin  exercises  in 
Chapters  XXXV.-LX.,  even  though  they  have  not  written 
the  exercises  of  Chapters  III.-XXXIV. 

Special  pains  have  been  taken  to  make  the  English-Latin 
exercises  throughout  the  book  as  simple  as  is  consistent  with 
the  end  they  are  intended  to  serve.  Many  elementary  books 
appear  to  me  to  make  this  part  of  the  work  too  difficult,  and 
give  for  beginners  sentences  and  passages  which  no  freshman 
class  that  I  have  ever  seen  could  render  in  Latin  with  credit. 

The  Vocabulary  of  the  sixty  chapters  into  which  the  body 
of  the  book  is  divided,  consists  of  about  750  words,  exclusive 
of  proper  names.  These  were  selected  on  the  following  plan : 
I  first  made  a  list  of  the  words  common  to  Caesar  and  Nepos. 
There  are  some  1800  of  these.  This  list  was  then  reduced 
to  its  present  size  by  eliminating  all  words  used  less  than 
fifteen  times  in  Caesar.^  The  Vocabulary,  therefore,  consists 
of  the  750  words  in  most  frequent  use  by  Caesar  and  Nepos, 
and  should  consequently  serve  equally  well  as  an  introduction 
to  either  author.  My  first  disposition  had  been  to  make  the 
Vocabulary  considerably  larger,  but  in  working  out  the  details 
of  the  book  I  became  fully  persuaded  of  the  wisdom  of 
keeping  the  Vocabulary  within  narrow  limits.  The  pupil 
cannot  surmount  all  difficulties  at  the  outset.     If  he  secures 


1  As  the  sentences  of  the  Latin  exercises  are  based  mainly  on  passages  in 
Caesar,  it  was  found  convenient  to  add  a  small  list  of  words  of  very  frequent 
occurrence  in  that  author,  but  not  found  in  Nepos.  These  are  mainly  military 
terms,  such  as  legio,  cohorSf  turris,  agger,  /05s«,  etc. 


viii  Preface  to  First  Edition, 

a  solid  foundation  in  the  way  of  forms  and  syntax,  a  vocabu- 
lary will  be  quickly  gained  with  the  beginning  of  continuous 
reading. 

The  sentences,  in  the  great  majority  of  cases,  are  taken 
directly  from  Caesar's  Commentaries,  Often  a  word  has  been 
added  or  omitted,  or  a  tense  has  been  changed,  but  the  Latin 
will  be  recognized  as  essentially  Caesar's. 

The  Selections  for  Beading  which  follow  the  lessons  are 
the  traditional  fables  along  with  the  Roman  history  originally 
prepared  by  Professor  Jacobs,  from  whose  Latin  Reader  I 
have  taken  them.  They  are  sufficiently  easy,  are  interesting, 
and  the  Latin  is  in  the  main  correct.  In  a  few  cases,  where 
Jacobs's  text  shows  inconsistency  with  classical  usage,  I  have 
ventured  to  make  the  necessary  changes. 

In  arranging  the  work  by  Chapters  rather  than  by  Lessons, 
it  has  been  my  purpose  to  preserve  unity  of  subject-matter  as 
far  as  possible.  A  ^chapter'  does  not  necessarily  mean  that 
its  contents  are  to  be  taken  at  a  single  lesson.  With  many 
pupils  it  will  probably  be  found  possible  to  take  most  of  the 
chapters  in  one  exercise,  but  where  that  is  not  feasible,  the 
matter  can  easily  be  divided  according  to  the  necessities  of 
the  case. 

I  have  received  generous  help  from  friends  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  this  book,  and  desire  here  to  recognize  my  obligations 
to  Professor  C.  L.  Durham,  Professor  H.  C.  Elmer,  and  Mr. 
P.  0.  Bates  of  this  University  for  their  counsel  and  assistance. 


CHARLES  E.   BENNETT. 


Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  N.Y., 
April  17,  1898. 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS. 


PART  I. 

SOUNDS,    QUANTITY,   ACCENT. 

©HAPTEB  PAGE 

I.     Alphabet.  —  Sounds.  —  Pronunciation.  —  Quantity.  — 

Accent 1 


PART   11. 

INFLECTIONS. 

II.    The  Parts  of  Speech.  —  Inflection.  —  Nouns.  —  Gender.  — 

Number.  —  Cases.  —  The  Five  Declensions     ...        6 
m.     First  Declension. — Paradigm   of  the  Present  Indicative 
Active  of  a  Verb  of  the  First  Conjugation.  —  Subject.  — 

Object. — Agreement  of  Verb 8 

IV.     Second  Declension.  —  Inflection  of  the  Present  Indicative 

of  sum.  —  Predicate  Nouns.  —  Appositives     ...       10 
V.     Adjectives  of  the  First  and  Second  Declensions.  —  Agree- 
ment of  Adjectives 13 

VI.     Nouns  of  the  Third  Declension 16 

VII.     The  Third  Declension  (continued) 19 

VIII.     The  Fourth  Declension.  —  The  Fifth  Declension         .        .      23 
IX.     Adjectives    (continued).  —  Nine   Irregular  Adjectives.  — 

Adjectives  of  the  Third  Declension  ....      25 

X.     Adjectives  of  the  Third  Declension  (continued)  .        .      28 

XI.     Comparison  of  Adjectives 31 

XII.     Formation  and  Comparison  of  Adverbs.  — Numerals          .       33 
XIII.     Personal,  Reflexive,  and  Possessive  Pronouns.  —  Demon- 
strative Pronouns 36 

XTV.     Demonstrative   Pronouns   (continued).  —  The   Intensive 

Pronoun 39 

XV.     Relative,  Interrogative,  and  Indefinite  Pronouns.  —  Agree- 
ment of  Relative  Pronouns 42 

ix 


Table  of  Oontents. 


CHAPTER 

XVI. 

XVII. 

XVIII. 

XIX. 
XX. 

XXI. 

XXII. 

XXIII. 

XXIV. 

XXV. 

XXVI. 

XXVII. 

XXVIII. 

XXIX. 

XXX. 

XXXI. 

XXXII. 

XXXIII. 


XXXIV. 
XXXV. 


Conjugation.  —  The  Four  Conjugations.  —  Indicative 

of  sum 45 

Subjunctive,  Imperative,  Infinitive,  and  Participle  of 

sum 48 

Indicative  Active  of  amo.  —  Verb  Stems.  — A  Danger- 
ous Wedding 60 

Active  of  amo  (continued) .  —  Verb  Stems    ...  53 
Indicative  Passive  of  amo.  — Verb  Stems.  —  OldBoman 

Virtue 55 

Passive  of  amo  (continued). — Verb  Stems.  —  Review  57 

Active  Voice  of  moneb 60 

Passive  Voice  of  moneo.  —  The  Death  of  Epaminondas  63 

Active  Voice  of  regb QQ 

Passive  Voice  of  regb.  — How  the  Day  was  Saved         .  69 

Active  Voice  of  audio 72 

Passive  Voice  of  audib.  —  Horatius  at  the  Bridge         .  75 

Verbs  in  -ib  of  the  Third  Conjugation   ....  79 

Deponent  Verbs 83 

The  Periphrastic  Conjugations.  —  Review.  —  How  Cor- 

vinus  Won  his  Name          ......  86 

Irregular  Verbs :  possum^  do. —  The  Lamb  and  the  Wolf  89 

Irregular  Verbs  (continued)  :  fero         ....  92 

Irregular  Verbs  (continued)  :   volb^  nblb,  mdlo,  fib.  — 
The  Philosopher  and  the  King.  —  The  Fox  and  the 

Grapes        .  - 95 

Irregular  Verbs  (continued)  :  eo.  —  Defective  Verbs    .  98 

Impersonal  Verbs.  —  Questions  and  Answers.  —  Review  101 


PART   III. 


SYNTAX. 

XXXVI.     The  Accusative.  —  Incorruptible 104 

XXXVII.     The  Accusative  (continued)  .        ...        .        .        .107 

XXXVIII.     The  Dative 110 

XXXIX.     The  Dative  (continued) 112 

XL.     The  Genitive.  —  Two  Jests  of  Cicero.  —  The  Frog  and 

the  Ox 114 

XLI.     The  Genitive  (continued). — Review    ....  117 

XLII.     The  Ablative 120 

XLIII.     The  Ablative  (continued).  —  The  Sibylline  Books       .  122 


Tahle  of  Contents^ 


XI 


CHAPTER 

XLIV. 

XLV. 

XLVI. 

XLVII. 

XLVIII. 


XLIX. 

L. 

LI. 

LII. 

LIII. 

LIV. 


LV. 


LYI. 

LVII. 

LVIII. 

LIX. 

LX. 


PAGE 

The  Ablative  (continued) 125 

The  Ablative  (continued).  —  The  Trojan  Horse      .         .     127 

Syntax  of  Adjectives 130 

Syntax  of  Pronouns.  —  Review 132 

The  Subjunctive  in  Independendent  Sentences :  Horta- 
tory,  Jussive,   and  Deliberative   Subjunctive.  —  The 

Haunted  House,  Fart  I. 135 

The  Optative  Subjunctive.  —  The  Potential  Subjunctive. 

—  Imperative 138 

Moods  in  Dependent  Clauses.  —  Clauses  of  Purpose.  — 

Sequence  of  Tenses.  —  The  Haunted  House,  Part  11.  .     140 
Clauses  of  Characteristic.  —  Result  Clauses.  —  Causal 

Clauses.  —  The  Sword  of  Damocles       ....     143 
Temporal  Clauses:  Clauses  introduced  by  pos^5  warn,  ut, 

uhi,  simul  ac,  etc.  —  Cz^m-Clauses         ....     146 
Temporal  Clauses  (continued)  :   Clauses  introduced  by 
antequam  and  priusquam.  —  Clauses  introduced  by 

dum,  donee,  and  quoad 148 

Substantive  Clauses:  Substantive  Clauses  developed 
from  the  Jussive.  —  Substantive  Clauses  after  Verbs  of 

hindering 150 

Substantive  Clauses  (continued)  :  Substantive  Clauses 
developed  from  the  Optative.  —  Substantive  Clauses  of 
Result.  —  Indirect   Questions.  —  Review.  —  The  Boy 

and  the  Dolphin,  Part  I. 152 

Conditional  Sentences.  —  Clauses  introduced  by  quamvis 
and  quamquam.  —  The  Boy  and  the  Dolphin,  Part  II.     155 

Indirect  Discourse 158 

The  Infinitive.  —  *  If  You  Want  a  Thing  Done,  — '         .161 

Participles 164 

The  Gerund  and  Gerundive.  —  The  Gerundive  Construc- 
tion.— The  Supine. — Review       .        .        .        .        .     166 


English-Latin  Exercises  on  Chapters  III.-XXXIV.  .        .  169 

Selections  for  Reading  : 

Fables 178 

Roman  History 181 

Notes  on  the  Selections  for  Reading 196 

General  Latin-English  Vocabulary    ......  203 

English-Latin  Vocabulary 231 


ABBEEYIATIONS. 


abl.  =  ablative, 

ace.  =  accusative, 

adj.  =  adjective. 

adv.  =  adverb^  adverbial, 

c.  =  common  {gender), 

coinp.  =  comparative, 

conj.  =  conjunction. 

dat.  =  dative, 

decl.  =  declension, 

dep.  =  deponent. 

e.g.  =  exempli  gratia  =for  ex- 
ample. 

etc.  =  et  cetera  =  and  so  forth. 

i.  =  feminine. 

gen.  =  genitive. 

i.e.  =  id  est  =  that  is. 

impers.  =  impersonal,  imperson- 
ally. 

indecl.  =  indeclinable, 

indie.  =  indicative. 


inf. 

=  infinitive. 

interrog. 

=  interrog  ativBo 

intr. 

=  intransitive. 

lit. 

=  literally.    ' 

masc. 

=  masculine. 

n.,  neut. 

=  neuter. 

nom. 

=  nominative. 

p.,  pp. 

=  page,  pages. 

pass. 

=  passive. 

pi.,  plu. 

=  plural. 

prep. 

=  preposition. 

pres. 

=  present. 

pron. 

—  pronoun. 

rel. 

—  relative. 

sc. 

=  supply. 

sing. 

=  singular. 

sup.,  super. 

=  superlative. 

tr.,  trans. 

=  transitive. 

w. 

=  with. 

1,  with  verbs 

=  1st  conjugation 

xii 


PAET   I. 

SOUNDS,  QUANTITY,  ACCENT. 


CHAPTER   I.i 

1.  ALPHABET. 

The  Latin  Alphabet  is  the  same  as  the  English  except 
that  the  Latin  has  no  w. 

2.  SOUNDS   CLASSIFIED. 

The  vowels  are  a,  e,  i,  o,  u,  y.  The  other  letters  are 
Consonants.     The  Diphthongs  are  ae,  oe,  au,  eu,  ui. 

3.  PK0NUNCIATI0N.2 

a)  Vo"wels. 

a 3 as  in  father;  ^  as  in  the  first  syllable  of  aha; 

e  as  in  they;  S  as  in  met; 

i  as  in  machine;  '               i   as  in  pin; 

6  as  in  note;  6  as  in  obey,  melody; 

u  as  in  rude;  tl  as  in  put; 
y  like  French  w,  German  ii. 

1  On  the  arrangement  of  this  book  by  chapters,  see  Preface. 

2  The  system  of  pronunciation  here  given  is  that  employed  by  the  ancient 
Romans  themselves.    It  is  often  called  the  *  Roman  method.' 

s  Vowels  which  are  long  in  quantity  have  a  horizontal  line  above  them, 
as  a,  i,  o,  etc.  Short  vowels  either  have  the  curved  mark  (&,  6),  or  are  left 
unmarked. 


Sounds. 

ae  like  ai  in  aisle  ;  eu  with  its  two  elements,  e  and  u,  pro- 

oe  like  oi  in  oil ;  nounced  in  rapid  succession ; 

au  like  ow  in  how ;  ui  occurs  mainly  in  cui  and  Awic.   These 

are   pronounced   as  though  spelled 
kwee  and  wheek. 
c)  Consonants. 

b,  d,  f,  h,  k,  1,  m,  n,  p,  qu  are  pronounced  as  in  English  except 
that  bs,  bt  are  pronounced  ps,  pt, 

c  is  always  pronounced  as  k. 

t  is  always  pronounced  as  plain  t,  never  with  the  sound  of  sTi,  as 
in  Eng.  oration, 

g  always  as  in  get ;  when  ngu  precedes  a  vowel,  gu  has  the  sound 
of  gic,  as  in  anguis,  languidus. 

j  1  has  the  sound  of  y  as  in  yet. 

r  was  probably  slightly  trilled  with  the  tip  of  the  tongue. 

8  always  as  in  sm,  gas  ;  in  suadeo,  suavis,  suesco,  and  in  com- 
pounds and  derivatives  of  these  words,  su  has  the  sound  of  sw, 

V  like  w. 

X  always  as  ks;  never  like  Eng.  gz  or  z, 

z  is  best  pronounced  as  Eng.  z. 

ph,  ch,  th,  are  to  be  pronounced  practically  like  our  simple  p, 
k,  t.  Doubled  letters  like  11,  mm,  tt,  etc.,  should  be  pro- 
nounced with  an  endeavor  to  articulate  both  members  of  the 
combination  distinctly. 

4.  QUANTITY. 

A.    Quantity  of  Vowels. 

A  vowel  is  long  or  short  according  to  the  length  of  time 
consumed  in  its  pronunciation.  As  will  be  seen  by  com- 
paring the  sounds  given  in  §  3,  the  long  sounds  take  con- 
siderably more  time  to  pronounce  than  the  short  ones. 
For  example,  the  i  of  machine  takes  more  time  than  the  i 
of  pin.  No  absolute  rule  can  be  given  for  determining  the 
quantity  of  Latin  vowels.  The  pupil  can  become  familiar 
with  them  only  by  observing  the  quantity  as  marked  in 

1  Some  books  print  i  instead  of  j. 


Quantity.  3 

the  paradigms,  the  vocabularies,  and  the  exercises.     Yet 
the  following  principles  are  of  aid:  — 

1.  A  vowel  is  long,  — 

a)  before  nf,  ns,  as  infans,  consensus. 

b)  when  the  result  of  contraction ;  as  nHum  for  nihilum. 

c)  before  j ;  as  in  hujus. 

2.  A  vowel  is  short, — 

a)  before  nt,  nd ;  as  amant,  amandus.  A  few  rare  exceptions 
occur  in  cases  of  compounds  whose  first  member  has  a  long 
vowel ;  as  nondum  (for  non  dum) . 

6)  before  another  vowel  or  h^;  as  mens,  traho.  Some  excep- 
tions occur,  chiefly  in  proper  names  derived  from  the  Greek ; 
as  Aeneas. 

N.B.  —  Long  vowels  should  always  be  pronounced  long  (that  is  the  only- 
thing  that  '  long '  means) ;  short  vowels  should  be  pronounced  short. 

B.     Quantity  of  SyHables. 

A  syllable  is  long  or  short  according  to  the  length  of 
time  it  takes  to  pronounce  such  syllable. 

1.  A  syllable  is  long  (that  is,  it  takes  a  long  time  to  pronounce  it),  — 

a)  if  it  contains  a  long  vowel ;  as  mater,  regnum,  dius.^ 

b)  if  it  contains  a  diphthong ;  as  causae,  foedus.^ 

c)  if  it  contains  a  short  vowel  followed  by  x,  z,  or  any  two  con- 
sonants (except  a  mute  followed  by  1  or  r)  3;  as  axis,  restat, 
gaza,  amantis.^ 

2.  A  syllable  is  regularly  short  if  it  contains  a  short  vowel  followed 
by  a  vowel,  by  a  single  consonant,  or  by  a  mute  with  1  or  r ;  as  mea, 
amat,  patris,  volucris.^ 


1  h  was  pronounced  so  lightly  as  to  be  enth'ely  disregarded,  whether  singly 
or  in  combination. 

2  Such  syllables  are  sometimes  said  to  be  long  by  nature. 
8  The  mutes  are  p,  c,  t;  b,  d,  g. 

4  Such  syllables  are  sometimes  said  to  be  long  by  position, 
fi  Such  syllables  are  sometimes  said  to  be  short  by  position. 


4  Accent. 

5.  ACCENT. 

1.  There  are  as  many  syllables  in  a  Latin  word  as  there  are  separate 
vowels  and  diphthongs. 

2.  Words  of  two  syllables  are  accented  upon  the  first;  as  t^git, 
morem. 

3.  Words  of  more  than  two  syllables  are  accented  upon  the  penult 
(next  to  the  last)  if  that  is  a  long  syllable,  otherwise  upon  the  ante- 
penult (second  from  the  last)  ;  as  amSvi,  minister,  miserum. 

6.  EXERCISE. 

Pronounce  the  following  words,  observing  carefully  the 
proper  sound  of  each  letter,  and  placing  the  accent  upon  the 
proper  syllable.  Eemember  to  pronounce  all  long  vowels  long, 
all  short  vowels  short.  Take  care  of  the  vowels,  and  the  syl- 
lables will  take  care  of  themselves. 

1.  Majorum,  amicus,  Athenae.  2.  Queo,  pasco,  posco. 
3.  Juvenis,  porrecttira,  abiimus.  4.  Amicitia,  obtineo,  anti- 
quus.  5.  Europa,  Charmides,  exemplum.  6.  Ingero,  exi- 
guitas,  sanguis.  7.  Olympus,  mitto,  nationes.  8.  Foe- 
dus,  dignatio,  consensus.  9.  Pervolat,  efferre,  instituerat. 
10.    Arguo,    cui,    Philippi.  11.    Percussus,    rexi,    pereo. 

12.    Jam,   suavitas,  suesco.         13.    Concedo,   signator,  refero. 
14.   Insero,  obsero,  persuadet. 


PAET   II. 

INFLECTIONS. 


CHAPTER   II. 

7.  THE   PARTS   OF   SPEECH. 

The  Parts  of  Speech  in  Latin  are  the  same  as  in  Eng- 
lish; viz.^  Nouns,  Adjectives,  Pronouns,  Verbs,  Adverbs, 
Prepositions,  Conjunctions,  and  Interjections;  but  the 
Latin  has  no  article. 

8.  INFLECTION. 

Of  these  eight  parts  of  speech,  the  first  four  are  capable 
of  Inflection,  that  is,  of  undergoing  change  of  form  to 
express  modifications  of  meaning.  In  the  case  of  Nouns, 
Adjectives,  and  Pronouns,  this  process  is  called  Declension ; 
in  the  case  of  Verbs,  Conjugation. 

9.  NOUNS. 

1.  A  Noun  is  the  name  of  a  person^  place^  thing ^  or 
quality ;  as  Caesar,  Caesar ;  Roma,  Home;  penna,  feather ; 
virtus,  courage, 

2.  Nouns  have  Gender,  Number,  and  Case. 

10.  GENDER. 

1.  There  are  in  Latin,  as  in  English,  three  Genders  : 
the  Masculine,  Feminine,  and  Neuter. 

5 


6  Grender^  Number^  and  Oases, 

2.  Gender  in  Latin  may  be  either  natural  (that  is,  based 
on  sex,  as  gender  always  is  in  English)  or  grammatical 
(not  based  on  sex). 

3.  Natural  Grender,  As  a  rule  only  nouns  denoting  jt?er- 
sons  have  natural  gender,  and  these  are  Masculine,  if  they 
denote  males,  as  nauta,  sailor ;  Feminine,  if  they  denote 
females,  as  mater,  mother, 

4.  Grrammatieal  Ge7ider.  When  nouns  have  grammati- 
cal gender,  the  gender  is  determined :  — 

A.  By  signification.     Thus  :  — 

a)  [N'ames  of  Rivers,  Winds,  and  Months  are  Masculine;  as, 
Sequana,  Seine ;  Burns,  East  Wind ;  Aprilis,  April. 

b)  Names  of  Trees,  Countries,  Towns,  and  Islands  are  Feminine ; 
as,  quercus,  oak;  Pontus,  Pontus ;  Corinthus,  Corinth; 
Rhodus,  Rhodes. 

c)  Indeclinable  nouns  are  Neuter;  as,  nefas,  wrong. 

B.  By  ending. 

The  principles  for  gender  by  ending  are  given  later,  under  the 
five  declensions. 

11.  NUMBER. 

Latin  has  two  Numbers,  the  Singular  and  the  Plural. 
The  Singular  denotes  one  object ;  the  Plural  more  than 
one. 

12.  •  CASES. 

1.    There  are  six  Cases  in  Latin :  — 

Nominative,  Case  of  Subject ; 

Genitive,  Objective  with  of ; 

Dative,  Objective  with  to  or  for  ; 

Accusative,  Case  of  Direct  Object ; 

Vocative,  Case  of  Address ; 

Ablative,  Objective  with  by ^  from,  in,  with. 


The  Five  Declensions,  7 

2.  Locative.  Vestiges  of  another  case,  the  Locative 
(denoting  place  where),  occur  in  names  of  towns  and  in  a 
few  other  words. 

3.  Oblique  Cases.  The  Genitive,  Dative,  Accusative, 
and  Ablative  are  called  Oblique  Cases. 

4.  Formation  of  the  Cases.  The  different  cases 
were  originally  formed  by  joining  certain  case-endings  to  a 
fundamental  part  called  the  stem.  Thus  portam  (Accusa- 
tive Singular)  was  formed  by  joining  the  case-ending  m  to 
the  stem  porta-.  But  in  most  cases  the  final  vowel  of  the 
stem  has  united  so  closely  with  the  original  case-ending, 
that  the  latter  has  become  more  or  less  obscured.  The 
apparent  case-ending  thus  resulting  is  called  a  termination. 

13.  THE   five   declensions. 

There  are  five  Declensions  in  Latin,  distinguished  from 
each  other  by  the  final  letter  of  the  Stem,  and  also  by  the 
Termination  of  the  Genitive  Singular,  as  follows  :  — 


)eCLEN8I0N. 

First 
Second 

Final  Letter  of  Stem.           Gen. 
a 
5 

Termination. 

-ae 
-i 

Third 

Fourth 
Fifth 

L  Some  consonant  j 

e 

-la 
•as 

Cases  alike  in  Form. 

1.  The  Vocative  is  regularly  like  the  Nominative,  except  in  the 
Singular  of  nouns  in  -us  of  the  Second  Declension. 

2.  The  Dative  and  Ablative  Plural  are  always  alike. 

3.  In  Neuters  the  Accusative  and  ^"ominative  are  always  alike,  and 
in  the  Plural  end  in  -S. 

4.  In  the  Third,  Fourth,  and  Fifth  Declensions,  the  Accusative 
Plural  is  regularly  like  the  Nominative. 


CHAPTER  III. 

FraST  DECLENSION.  — a-STEMS. 

14.    These   end   in   -S,   weakened   from  -a.     They  are 
Feminine,  and  are  declined  as  follows :  — 


Porta,  gate ;  stem,  porta-. 


SINGULAR. 

Cases.  Meanings.      "^^^X^" 

Nom,  porta       a  gate  (subject)  -S 

Gen.  portae     of  a  gate  -ae 

Dat.   portae     to  ov  for  a  gate  -ae 

Ace.   portam   a  gate  (object)  -am 

Voc.  porta       O  gate !  -a 

Ahl.    porta       with^  hy,from,  -a 
in,  a  gate 


PLURAL. 

Termina- 


tions. 


Meanings. 

portae  gates  (subject)  -ae 

portarum  of  gates  -arum 

portis  to  OT  for  gates  -is 

portas  gates  (object)  -as 

portae  0  gates !  -ae 

portis  with,  hy^from,  -is 
in,  gates. 

1.   The  Latin  has  no  article,  and  porta  may  mean  either  a  gate  or 
the  gate;  and  in  the  Plural,  gates  or  the  gates. 

15.  Peculiarities  of  Nouns  of  the  First  Declension. 

1.  Exceptions  in  Gender.    Xouns  denoting  males  are  Masculine; 
as,  nauta,  saiVor;  ^^xicoIb.,  farmer. 

2.  Special  Case-Endings, — 

a)  The  Locative  Singular  ends  in  -ae ;  as,  R5mae,  at  Rome. 

h)  Dea,  goddess,  and  filia,  daughter,  commonly  form  the  Dative 
and  Ablative  Plural  with  the  termination  -abus  ;  as,  deabus, 
filiabus.  This  is  in  order  to  distinguish  these  words  from 
the  corresponding  cases  of  deus,  god,  and  filius,  son. 

16.  Paradigm  of  the  Present  Indicative  Active  of  a  Verb 

of  the  First  Conjugation. 

singular.  plural. 

1.       amo,  I  love.  amamus,  w;e  love. 

amas,  thou  lovest,  you  love,  amatis,  you  love. 

amat,  he,  she,  it  loves.  amant,  they  love. 

8 


First  Declension,  9 

2.  All  verbs  of  the  First  Conjugation  are  inflected  like  amo.  Such 
verbs  are  given  in  the  General  Vocabulary  with  the  numeral  1. 

3.  In  Latin  the  Subject  of  the  verb,  if  a  personal  pronoun  (/,  thou^ 
key  we,  etc.),  is  not  expressed  unless  emphatic,  but  is  implied  in  the  verb. 

17.  Principles  of  Syntax. 

1.  The  Subject  of  the  Verb  stands  in  the  Nominative. 

2.  The  Object  of  the  Verb  stands  in  the  Accusative. 

3.  The  Verb  agrees  with  its  Subject  in  Number  and 
Person. 

18.  VOCABULARY. 

accuso,  I  accuse,  incito,  1  urge  on^  encourage, 

agricola,  ae,  m.,  farmer,  incola,  ae,  m.,  inhabitant. 

copia,  ae,  1,  plenty ;  in  plural,  Insula,  ae,  f.,  island. 

copiae,  arum,  troops.  Italia,  ae,  f.,  Italy. 

et,  conj.,  and.  laudo,  I  praise. 

filia,  ae,  1,  daughter.  vasto,  Hay  waste. 

Galba,  ae,  m.,  Galba  (a  man's  voco,  I  calif  summon, 

name). 

EXERCISES.i 

19.  1.  Agricolae,  agricola,  agricolarum.  2.  Insulae,  insulls. 
3.  Italiae,  Galbae.  4.  Filia,  filiarum,  filiabus.  5.  Incolae, 
incolis.  6.  Copiarum,  copiis,  copias.  7.  Italiam,  insularum, 
filias.         8.  Agricolis,  filiam,  filiae.        9.  Incolarum,  copiam. 

20.  1.  Filias  agricolae  laudamiis.^  2.  Galba  copias  incitat. 
3.  Copiae  Galbae  Italiam  vastant.  4.  Galbam  laudamns. 
5.  Copias  Galbae  laudo.  6.  Iiicolas  insularum  accusatis. 
7.  Galba  agricolam  vocat.  8.  Insulas  vastamus.  9.  Galbam 
et  agricolas  vocamus.  10.  Filias  agricolae  voco.  11.  Agri- 
colas  incitamus.  12.  Filiam  Galbae  laudant.  13.  Agricolas 
laudas.         14.  Filias  agricolarum  vocatis. 


1  For  exercises  on  translating  English  into  Latin,  see  p.  169  and  Preface. 

2  The  verb  in  Latin  ordinarily  stands  at  the  end  of  the  sentence. 


CHAPTER   IV. 

SECOND   DECLENSION.— o-STEMS. 

21.  Pure  Latin  nouns  of  the  Second  Declension  end  in 
-us,  -er,  -ir,  Masculine;  -um,  Neuter;  and  are  declined  as 
follows :  — 


Hi 
< 


Hortus,  garden  ; 

Bellum,  war; 

stem,  hortd-. 

stem,  bell6-. 

Termination. 

Termination. 

■  Nom, 

hortus 

-US 

bellum 

-um 

Gen. 

horti 

-i 

belli 

-i 

DaL 

horto 

-6 

bello 

-6 

Ace. 

hortum 

-um 

bellum 

-um 

Voc. 

horte 

-e 

bellum 

-um 

lAbl. 

horto 

-5 

bello 

6 

■  Nom. 

horti 

-i 

bella 

-a 

Gen. 

hortorum 

-drum 

bellorum 

-orum 

Dat. 

hortis 

-is 

bellis 

-is 

Ace. 

hortos 

-OS 

bella 

-a 

Voc. 

horti 

.1 

bella 

-a 

•  AM. 

hortis 

-is 

bellis 

-is 

Tuer,  boy: 

Ager,/eZ^; 

Vir,  man  ; 

stem,  puer6-. 

stem,  agrrS-. 

stem,  vir6-. 

Termination. 

'  Nom. 

puer 

ager 

vir 

Wanting 

Gen. 

pueri 

agri 

viri 

-i 

DaL 

puero 

agro 

viro 

-6 

Ace. 

puerum 

agrum 

virum 

-um 

Voc. 

puer 

ager 

vir 

W^anting 

.  AM. 

puero 

agro 

viro 

-6 

Nom. 

pueri 

agri 

viri 

-i 

Gen. 

puerorum 

agrorum 

virorum 

-orum 

Dat. 

pueris 

agris 

viris 

-is 

Ace. 

pueros 

agros 

viros 

-OS 

Voc. 

pueri 

agri 

viri 

-i 

•  AM. 

pueris 

agris 
10 

viris 

-is 

Second  Declension,  11 


22.  Peculiarities  of  Inflection  in  the  Second  Declension. 

1.  Most  nouns  in  -er  in  common  use  are  declined  like  ager,  not 
like  puer. 

2.  Nouns  in  -ius  and  -ium  throughout  the  best  period  of  the  lan- 
guage formed  the  Genitive  Singular  in  -i  (instead  of-ii)  ;  as,  — 

Nom,    ingenium  filius 

Gen,     ing^nl  fili 

These  Genitives  accent  the  penult,  even  when  it  is  short. 

3.  The  Locative  Singular  ends  in  -i ;  as,  Corinthi,  at  Corinth, 

23.  Inflection  of  the  Present  Indicative  of  the  Verb  sum* 

SINGULAR. 

sum,     I  am. 

8s,^       thou  art,  you  are, 
€st,i     he,  she,  it  is. 

PLURAL. 

sumus,  we  are, 
€stis,i  you  are. 
sunt,        they  are, 

24.  Principles  of  Syntax. 

1.  A  Predicate  Noun  (that  is,  a  noun  limiting  its  subject 
through  the  medium  of  the  verb  to  be^  or  some  similar  word, 
as  seem^  become^  agrees  with  its  subject  in  case ;  as,  — 

Mercurius  est  deus.  Mercury  is  a  god, 

2.  An  Appositive  agrees  in  case  with  the  word  which  it 
explains ;  as,  — 

Mercurius,  deus,  Mercury,  the  god. 
1  Pronounce  these  words  severally,  Ss,  Sst,  6stis,  not  es,  est,  estis. 


12  Second  Declension. 

25.  VOCABULARY. 

amicus,  T,  m.,  friend.  oppugno,  I  attack,  assault, 

auxilium,  i  (ii),  n.,  aid,  help.  periculum,  i,  n.,  danger. 

Belgae,  arum,  m.  pi.,  Belgians,  a  proelium,  i  (ii),  n.,  battle. 

Gallic  tribe.  Sequani,  orum,  m.  pi.,  Sequani, 
castra,  orum,  n.  pi.,  a  camp.  a  Gallic  tribe. 

Galli,  orum,  m.  pi.,  Gauls.  vexo,  I  harass,  annoy ;  ravage. 

Germani,  orum,  m.  pi.,  Germans,  vicus,  i,  m.,  village. 

imploro,  I  entreat.  vito,  I  avoid, 
oppidum,  i,  n.,  town,  walled  town. 

EXERCISES. 

26.  1.  Oppidi,  oppidorum.         2.  Estis,  es.         3.  Vico,  vicis. 

4.  Pericula,  periculorum.  5.  Amici,  amicorum,  amicis. 
6.  Auxilium,  auxilio.  7.  Agri,  agris.  8.  Periculo,  vi- 
cum,  oppidls.  9.  Proelia,  amice.  10.  Sunt,  sumus,  est. 
11.   Castrorum,  castris. 

27.  1.  Sumus  amlci^  Gallorum.  2.  Belgae  et  Sequani 
auxilium  implorant.  3.  Sequani  agricolas,  incolas  vico- 
rum,   vexant.          4.    Germani    oppida    Belgarum    oppugnant. 

5.  Germani  sunt  agricolae.  6.  Galba,  amicus  Gallorum, 
castra  Germanorum  oppugnat.  7.  Amicos  Gallorum  lauda- 
mus.  8.  Copiae  Galbae  Sequanos  proelio  vexant.  9.  Peri- 
cula  et  bella  vitamus.  10.  Estis  amici  agricolarum. 
11.  Belgae  vicos  et  agros  Germanorum  vexant.  12.  Auxi- 
lium Gallorum  imploramus.         13.  Galba  pericula  proeli  vitat 

1  A  predicate  noun  may  (and  often  does)  follow  the  verb. 


CHAPTER  V. 

ADJECTIVES. 

28.  Adjectives  denote  quality.  They  are  declined  like 
nouns,  and  fall  into  two  classes, — 

1.  Adjectives  of  the  First  and  Second  Declensions. 

2.  Adjectives  of  the  Third  Declension. 

ADJECTIVES   OF  THE   FIRST  AND   SECOND   DECLENSIONS. 

In  these  the  Masculine  is  declined  like  hortus,  puer, 
or  ager,  the  P'eminine  like  porta,  and  the  Neuter  like 
bellum. 

29.  Thus,  Masculine  like  hortus  :  — - 


Bonus,  good. 

SINGULAR. 

MASCULINE. 

FEMININE. 

NEUTER. 

Nom. 

bonus 

bona 

bonum 

Gen. 

boni 

bonae 

boni 

Bat. 

bono 

bonae 

bono 

Acc 

bonum 

bonam 

bonum 

Voc. 

bone 

bona 

bonum 

Ahl. 

bono 

bona 

PLURAL. 

bono 

Nom. 

boni 

bonae 

bona 

Gen. 

bonomm 

bonarum 

bonorum 

Bat. 

bonis 

bonis 

bonis 

Ace. 

bonos 

bonas 

bona 

Voc. 

boni 

bonae 

bona 

Ahl. 

bonis 

bonis 
13 

bonis 

14        Adjectives  of  First  and  Second  Declensions. 


30. 


Masculine  like 

puer  :  — 

Tener,  tender. 

SINGULAR. 

Mascitlinb. 

Feminine. 

Neuter. 

Nom. 

tener 

•   tenera 

tenerum 

Gen, 

teneri 

tenerae 

teneri 

Dat. 

tenero 

tenerae 

tenero 

Ace, 

tenemm 

teneram 

tenerum 

Voc. 

tener 

tenera 

tenerum 

Ahl. 

tenero 

tenera 

PLURAL. 

tenero 

Nom, 

teneri 

,  tenerae 

tenera 

Gen. 

tenerorum 

tenerarum 

tenerorum 

Dat. 

teneris 

teneris 

teneris 

Ace. 

teneros 

teneras 

tenera 

Voe, 

teneri 

tenerae 

tenera 

AM, 

teneris 

teneris 

teneris 

31. 


Masculine  like  ager  :  — 

Sacer,  sacred. 


SINGULAR. 

Masculine.        Feminine. 

Nqm.  sacer 
Gen,    sacri 


Dat, 
Ace, 
Voc. 

Ahl, 


sacro 
sacrum 

sacer 
sacro 


sacra 

sacrae 

sacrae 

sacram 

sacra 

sacra 


Neuter. 

sacrum 

sacri 

sacro 

sacrum 

sacrum 

sacro 


Masculine. 

sacri 

sacrorum 

sacris 

sacros 

sacri 

sacris 


PLURAL. 

Feminine. 

sacrae 

sacrarum 

sacris 

sacras 

sacrae 

sacris 


Neuter. 
sacra 
sacrorum 
sacris 
sacra 
sacra 
sacris 


1.  Most  adjectives  in  -er  are  declined  like  sacer.  Of  adjectives  in 
common  use  only  the  following  are  declined  like  tener :  asper,  rough , 
liber,  free  ;  miser,  wretched, 

32.  Principles  of  Syntax. 

1.  An  Adjective  agrees  with  the  noun  which  it  limits 
in  Gender,  Number,  and  Case. 

2.  An  Adjective  limiting  its  noun  directly  is  called  an 
attributive  adjective,  as  via  longa,  a  long  journey ;  an  Ad- 
jective limiting  its  noun  through  the  medium  of  the  verb 


Adjectives  of  First  and  Second  Declensions.         15 

esse,  to  he^  or  some  similar  verb,  is  called  a  predicate  ad- 
jective, as  via  est  longa,  the  journey  is  long ;  via  videtur 
longa,  the  journey  seems  long, 

33.  VOCABULARY. 

Britannia,  ae,  f.,  Britain,  paro,  I  prepare^  get  ready, 

dimico,  I  contend.  parvus,  a,  um,  small. 

Helvetii,  orum,  m.  pi.,  the  Hel-  populus,  i,  m.,  people. 

vetii^  a  Gallic  tribe.  pulcher,  chra,  chnim,  beautiful, 

jumentum^  1,  n.,  beast  of  burden,  Rdmanus,  a,  um,  Boman  ;  —  as 
legatus,  i,  m.,  lieutenant.  noun,  m.,  a  Boman. 

niagnus,'a,  um,  large^  great,  superd,  I  overcome, 

multus,  a,  um,  much;  pi.,  many.  victoria,  ae,  f.,  victory. 
Humerus,  i,  m.,  number, 

EXERCISES. 

34.  1*.  Populi  Eomani,  populo  Komano.  2.  Magnae^ 
victoriae,  magnarum  victoriarum.  3.  Miilta  jumenta,  multis 
jtimentls.  4.  Multae  insulae,  multas  insulas.  5.  Eiliae 
pulchrae,  filiabus  pulchris.        6.  Parvi  vici,  parvorum  vicorum. 

7.  Magnum  proelium,  magna  proelia,  multorum  proeliorum. 

8.  Magnum  numerum,  magno  numero.  9.  Multi  incolae, 
multos   incolas.         10.   Parvarum  Insularum,  parvae  insulae. 

35.  1.  Piliae  agricolae  sunt  pulchrae  et  bonae.  2.  Populus 
Eomanus  Gallos  superat.  3.  Galba,  legatus  Eomanus,  mag- 
num oppidum  Sequanorum  oppugnat.  4.  Sequani  multis 
proelils  dimicant.  5.  Britannia  est  magna  insula.  6.  Vic- 
toria populi  Eomani  est  magna.  7.  Insula  est  parva.  8.  Hel- 
vetii magnum  numerum  jtimentorum  parant.  9.  Magnae 
copiae  dimicant.  10.  Multa  jumenta  paratis.  11.  Copiae 
Eomanae  agros  Gallorum  vexant.  12.  Magnum  bellum  para- 
mus.        13.    Galba  magnum  numerum  Gallorum  superat. 

1  The  attributive  adjective  (see  §  32,  2)  in  Latin,  as  in  English,  more  com- 
monly precedes  the  word  which  it  limits.  This  is  especially  true  of  adjectives 
of  number y  amount y  etc.  Yet  other  adjectives  when  used  attributively  often 
follow  the  noun ;  see,  for  example,  §  34,  5 ;  35,  2. 


CHAPTER  VI. 


NOUNS    OF    THE   THIRD    DECLENSION. 

36.  Nouns  of  the  Third  Declension  end  in  -a,  -e,  -i,  -6, 
-y,  -c,  -1,  -n,  -r,  -s,  -t,  -x.  The  Third  Declension  includes 
several  distinct  classes  of  Stems :  — 

I.    Pure  Consonant-Stems. 
II.    i-Stems. 
III.    Mixed  Stems.    (Consonant-Stems  which  have  par- 
tially adapted  themselves  to  the  inflection  of  i-Stems.) 

I.   CONSONANT-STEMS. 

37.  1.  In  these  the  stem  appears  in  its  unalter'ed  form 
in  all  the  oblique  cases,  so  that  the  actual  case-endings 
may  be  clearly  recognized. 

2.  Consonant-Stems  fall  into  several  natural  subdivisions,  accord- 
ing as  the  stem  ends  in  a  Mute,  Liquid,  Nasal,  or  Spirant. 

Mute-Stems. 

38.  Mute -Stems  may  end,  — 

1.  In  a  Labial  (b  or  p);  as,  trab  -s  ;  princep-s. 

2.  In  a  Guttural  (g  or  c);  as,  remex  (remeg-s);  dux  (duc-s). 

3.  In  a  Dental  (d  or  t)  ;  as,  lapis  (lapid  -s)  ;  miles  (milet  -s). 

1.  Stems  in  a  Labial  Mute  (b,  p) . 


39.     Trabs, 

f.,  beam. 

Princeps,  m.,  chief. ' 

SINGULAR. 

Case- 

PLURAL. 

Case- 

Ending. 

Ending. 

Nom.  trabs 

princeps 

-s 

trabess 

principes  » 

-es 

Gen.    trabisi 

principis  1 

-is 

trabum 

principum 

-um 

Dal,     trabi 

principi 

-1 

trabibus 

principibus 

-ibus 

Ace.    trabem 

principem 

-em 

trabes  s 

principes  ^ 

-es 

Voc.    trabs 

princeps 

-s 

trabes  » 

principes  ^ 

-es 

Ahl     trabe  2 

principe  2 

-e 

trabibus 

principibus 

-ibus 

1  Pronounce  is 

,  not  is.       2  Pronounce 

6,  not  e. 

8  Pronounce  es, 

not  ez. 

Third  Declension.  —  Consonant-Stems. 


17 


2.  Stems  in  a  Guttural  Mute  (g,  c). 
40.    In  these  the  termination  -s  of  the  Nominative  Singular  unites 
with  the  guttural,  thus  producing  -x. 


Remex, 

m.,  rower. 

Dux,  c 

.,  leader. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

Norn 

remex 

remiges 

dux 

duces 

Gen. 

remigis 

remigum 

ducis 

ducum 

Dat. 

remigi 

remigibus 

duel 

ducibus 

Ace. 

remigem 

remiges 

ducem 

duces 

Voc. 

remex 

remiges 

dux 

duces 

AhL 

remige 

remigibus 

duce 

ducibus 

3. 

Stems  in  a  Dental  Mute  (d,  t). 

41. 

[n  these  the  final  d  or  t  of  the  Stem  disapp 

ears  in  the  N'omi- 

native  Singular  before  the  ending  - 

-s. 

Lapis,  m., 

stone. 

Miles,  m.,  soldier. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL, 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAI.. 

Nom 

lapis 

lapides 

miles 

milites 

Gen. 

lapidis 

lapidum 

mllitis 

militum 

Dat. 

lapidi 

lapidibus 

militi 

militibus 

Ace. 

lapidem 

lapides 

militem 

milites 

Voc. 

lapis 

lapides 

miles 

milites 

Abl. 

lapide 

lapidibus 

milite 

militibus 

Liquid  Stems. 

42.    These  usually  end  in  -r ;  a  few  end  in  -1. 


V] 

ictor,  m.,  conqueror. 

Aequi 

3r,  n.,  sea. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

Nom. 

victor 

victores 

aequor 

aequora 

Gen. 

victoris 

victorum 

aequoris 

aequorum 

Dat. 

victor! 

victoribus 

aequori 

aequoribus 

Ace. 

victorem 

victores 

aequor 

aequora 

Voc. 

victor 

victores 

aequor 

aequora 

Abl. 

victore 

victoribus 

aequore 

aequoribus 

1.  Masculine  and  Feminine  Stems  ending  in  a  liquid,  form  the 
Nominative  and  Vocative  Singular  without  case-ending. 

2.  The  case-ending  is  also  lacking  in  the  Nominative,  Accusative, 
and  Vocative  Singular  of  all  neuters  of  the  Third  Declension. 


18  Nouns  of  the  Third  Declension, 


43.  VOCABULARY. 

agger,  eris,  m.,  embankment,  rampart,  Gallia,  ae,  f.,  Gaul. 

altus,  a,  um,  high^  deep.  impero,  I  demand. 

Caesar,  aris,  m.,  Caesar,  Marcellus,  i,  m.,  Marcellus. 

confirmo,  I  establish.  obses,  idis,  c.,i  hostage. 

consul,  ulis,  m.,  consul.  pater,  tris,  m.,  father. 

cum,  with,  prep,  with  abl.  pax,  pacis,  f .,  peace. 

eques,  itis,  m.,  horseman;  pi.,  cavalry,  virtus,  tutis,  1,  valor,  virtue. 


EXERCISES. 

44.  1.  Pater  consulis,  patri  consulis.  2.  Aggeres  alti, 
aggeribus  altis.  3.  Pax  bona.  4.  Consulis  boni,  consults 
boni,  consulum  bonorum.  5.  Multi  obsides,  multis  obsidi- 
bus.  6.  Magna  virttite,  magnae  virttitis,  magnam  virtutem. 
7.  Mllites  Eomani,  mllites  Eomanos,  militi  Eomano.  8.  Mag- 
nae victoriae  consulis  Eomani.         9.   Magna  virtute  Caesaris. 

43.  1.  Equites  cum  magno  periculo  proelio  dimicant. 
2.  Multi  milites  castra  Gallorum  oppugnant.  3.  Galba 
magnum  numerum  obsidum  imperat.  4.  Principes  Galliae 
pacem  confirmant.  5.  Virttitem  ducum  et  militum  Eomano- 
rumlaudamus.  6.  Agger  castrorum  est  altus.  7.  Galba  et 
Marcellus  sunt  consules.  8.  Dux  remiges  laudat.  9.  Cae- 
sar magnas  copias  parat.  10.  Mllites  cum  equitibus  dimi- 
cant. 11.  Duces  Germanorum  pacem  implorant.  12.  Cae- 
sar, dux  Eomanus,  virttitem  militum  laudat.  13.  Milites 
Eomani  multa  oppida  magna  virtute  oppugnant. 

1  Common  gender;  i.e.,  either  m.  or  f.  But  such  nouns  are  ordinarily 
treated  as  masculine. 


CHAPTER   VII. 


THIRD  DECLENSION.— CONSONANT-STEMS   (Continued). 
Nasal  Stems. 

46.    These  end  in  -n,  which  often  disappears  in  the  Nom.  Sing. 


Leo,  m. 

5  lion. 

Nomen, 

n.,  name. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

Norn,   leo 

leones 

nomen 

nomina 

Gen.     leonis 

leonum 

nominis 

nominum 

Dat.     leoni 

leonibus 

nomini 

nominibus 

A  cc.     leonem 

leones 

nomen 

nomina 

Voc.     leo 

leones 

nomen 

nomina 

AM.     leone 

leonibus 

nomine 

nominibus 

Spirant  or  8-Stems. 
47.    Mos,  m.,  custom.  Genus,  n.,  race. 

SINGULAR. 

genus 

generis 

generi 

genus 

genus 

genere 

PLURAL. 

genera 

generum 

generibus 

genera 

genera 

generibus 


Nom. 

mos 

Gen. 

mo  lis 

Dat. 

mori 

Ace. 

morem 

Voc. 

mos 

Ahl. 

more 

Nom. 

mores 

Gen. 

mo  rum 

Dat. 

moribus 

Ace. 

mores 

Voc. 

mores 

Ahl. 

moribus 

Honor,  m.,  honor. 

honor 

honoris 

honorl 

honorem 

honor 

honore 


honores 

honorum 

honoribus 

honores 

honores 

honoribus 


1.  Note  that  the  final  s  of  the  stem  becomes  r  (between  vowels)  in 
the  oblique  cases.  In  some  words,  as  honor,  the  r  of  the  oblique  cases 
has,  by  analoccy,  crept  into  the  Nominative,  displacing  the  earlier  s. 

19 


20 


Third  Declension,  —  1-Stems, 


II.  J-STEMS. 
1.   Masculine  and  Feminine  i-Stems. 

48.  These  regularly  end  in  -is  in  the  Nominative  Sin- 
gular, and  always  have  -ium  in  the  Genitive  Plural. 
Originally  the  Accusative  Singular  ended  in  -im,  the 
Ablative  Singular  in  -i,  and  the  Accusative  Plural  in  -is ; 
but  these  endings  have  been  largely  displaced  by  -em,  -e, 
and  -es,  the  endings  of  Consonant-Stems. 


49 

,    Turris 

f.,  tower  ^ 

Hostis,  c,  enemy 

y 

stem 

,  turri-. 

stem,  hosti-. 

Norn. 

SINGULAR. 

turris       hostis 

Termina- 
tion. 

-is 

PLURAL. 

turres               hostes 

Termina- 
tion. 

-es 

Gen, 

turris 

hostis 

-is 

turrium           h  ostium 

-ium 

DaU 

turri 

host! 

-i 

turribus           hostibus 

-ibus 

Ace. 

turrim 

hostem 

-im,  -em 

turris  (-es)     hostis  (es) 

-is,  -es 

Voe. 

turris 

hostis 

-is 

turres               hostes 

-es 

Ahl. 

turri 

hoste 

-1,  -e 

turribus           hostibus 

-ibus 

A  2.    Neuter  i-Stems. 

50.  These  end  in  the  Nominative  Singular  in  -e,  -al, 
and  -ar.  They  always  have  -i  in  the  Ablative  Singular, 
-ia  in  the  Nominative,  Accusative,  and  Vocative  Plural, 
and  -ium  in  the  Genitive  Plural,  thus  holding  more  stead- 
fastly to  the  i-character  than  do  Masculine  and  Feminine 
i-Stems. 


Sedile,  seat; 

Animal,  animal; 

Calcar,  spur  ; 

stem,  sedili-. 

stem,  animali-. 

stem,  calcari-. 

SINGULAR 

Termination. 

Nom,  sedile 

animal 

calcar 

Wanting 

Gen.    sedilis 

animalis 

calcaris 

-is 

Dat.    sedili 

animali 

calcari 

-i 

Ace.    sedile 

animal 

calcar 

Wanting 

Voc.     sedile 

animal 

calcar 

Wanting 

Ahl.    sedili 

animali 

calcari 

-i 

Third  Declension.  —  Mixed  Stems. 


21 


PLURAL. 

Tebmination. 

Norn. 

sedilia 

animalia 

calcaria 

-ia 

Gen, 

sedilium 

animalium 

calcarium 

-ium 

Dat, 

sedilibus 

animalibua 

calcaribus 

-ibus 

Ace. 

sedilia 

animalia 

calcaria 

-ia 

Voc, 

sedilia 

animalia 

calcaria 

-ia 

AM. 

sedilibus 

animalibus 

calcaribus 

-ibus 

1.  In  most  words  of  this  class  the  final  -i  of  the  stem  is  lost  in  the 
Nominative  Singular  j  in  others  it  appears  as  -e. 

III.    MIXED   STEMS. 

(Consonant-Stems  that  have   partially   adapted   themselves  to  the 
inflection  of  i-stems.) 

51.  Many  Consonant-Stems  have  so  far  adapted  them- 
selves to  the  inflection  of  i-stems  as  to  take  -ium  in  the 
Genitive  Plural,  and  -Is  in  the  Accusative  Plural.  Their 
true  character  as  Consonant-Stems,  however,  is  shown  by 
the  fact  that  they  never  take  -im  in  the  Accusative  Singu- 
lar, or  -1  in  the  Ablative  Singular.  The  following  words 
are  examples  of  this  class  :  — 


SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

Caedes,  f.,  slaughter, 

•  Arx,  f.,  citadel; 

Caedes,  f.,  slaughter; 

Arx,  f.,  citade 

stem,  caed-. 

stem,  arc-. 

stem,  caed-. 

stem,  arc-. 

Norn,  caedes 

arx 

caedes 

arces 

Gen,    caedis 

arcis 

caedium 

arcium 

Dat.    caedi 

arci 

caedibus 

arcibus 

Ace.    caedem 

arcem 

caedes,  -is 

arces,  -is 

Voc.    caedes 

arx 

caedes 

arces 

AbL    caede 

arce 

caedibus 

arcibus 

1.   The  following  classes  of  nouns  belong  to  Mixed  Stems  :  — 

a)  ^ouns  in  -es,  with  Genitive  in  -is ;  as,  nubes,  aedes,  etc. 

b)  Many  monosyllables  in  -s  or  -x  preceded  by  one  or  more  con- 
sonants; as,  urbs,  mons. 

c)  Most  nouns  in  -ns  and  -rs ;  as,  cliens,  cohors. 


22 


Third  Declension,  —  Gender. 


52.     General  Principles  of  Gender  in  the  Third  Declension. 

1.  Noans  in  -6,  -or,  -6s,  -er,  -gs  are  Masculine. 

2.  Nouns  in  -as,  -es,  -is,  -ys,  -x,  -s  (preceded  by  a  consonant); 
-do,  -go  (Genitive  -inis);  -io  (abstract  and  collective),  -us  (Genitive 
-utis  or  -udis)  are  Feminine. 

3.  Nouns  in  -a,  -e,  -i,  -y,  -c,  -1,  -n,  -t,  -ar,  -ur,  -tis  are  Neuter. 

4.  There  are  many  exceptions  to  the  foregoing  principles.  These 
are  noted  in  the  Vocabularies. 

VOCABULARY. 


53. 

arbor,  oris,  f.,  tree. 
civitas,  tatis,  f.,  state. 
f lumen,  inis,  n.,  river. 
hostis,  is,  c,  enemy. 
in,  in,  on,  prep,  with  the  abl.  de- 
noting rest  in  a  place. 
mare,  is,  n.,  sea. 
mens,  mentis,  f.,  mind. 
mons,  mentis,  m.,  mountain. 


nomen,  ims,  n.,  name. 

occupo,  /  take  possession  of,  seize. 

pauci,  ae,  a,  few,   a  feio;   used 

only  in  pi. 
Rhenus,  i,  m.,  the  Bhine. 
silva,  ae,  f.,  forest. 
timer,  oris,  m.,  fear, 
turris,  is,  f.,  tower. 


EXERCISES. 

54.  1.  Arbores  silvae.  2.  Civitatuni,  civitatibus.  3.  Hostes, 
hostis.  4.  Magna  animalia,  magnis  animalibus.  5.  Montes 
alti,  montibus  altis.  6.  Timores  militum.  7.  Magna  flu- 
mina,  multorum  fluminum,  in  multls  fluminibus.  8.  Paucae 
civitates,  paucas  civitates.  9.  In  turribus  altis,  turns  altas, 
turrium  altarum.         10.   Hostes  Eomanorum,  nomen  m  on  tis. 

55.  1.  Milites  Eomani  turris  h ostium  oppugnant.  2.  In 
magno  marl  sunt  multae  insulae.  3.  Nomen  fluminis  est 
Ehenus.  4.  Multa  animalia  sunt  in  silva.  5.  Arbores  sunt 
altae.  6.  Timor  mentes  militum  occupat.  7.  Caesar  hostes 
proelio  superat.  8.  Equites  Eomani  cum  hostibus  diraicant. 
9.  Caesar  montem  occupat.  10.  Paucae  civitates  pacem  con- 
flrmant.  11.  Hostes  multas  turris  occupant.  12.  In  alto 
flumine  est  parva  insula.  13.  Civitates  Gallorum  pacem 
implorant. 


CHAPTER   VIII. 


THE  FOURTH   AND   FIFTH   DECLENSIONS. 

FOUETH  DECLENSION.— «i-STEMS. 

56.    Nouns  of  the  Fourth  Declension  end  in  -us  Mascu 
line,  and  -u  Neuter.     They  are  declined  as  follows  :  — 


Fructus,  fruit, 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 


Nom. 

fructus 

fructus 

Gen, 

fructus 

fructuum 

Dat. 

fructui 

fructibus 

Ace, 

fructum 

fructus 

Voc. 

fructus 

fructus 

AN. 

fructu 

fructibus 

Cornu,  horn. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 


cornu 

cornus 

cornu 

cornu 

cornu 

cornu 


cornua 

cornuum 

cornibus 

cornua 

cornua 

cornibus 


1.   A  few  nouns  in  -us  of  the  Fourth  Declension  are  Feminine, 
particularly  manus,  hand,  and  domus,  house. 

FIFTH   DECLENSION.— e-STEMS. 
57.   Nouns  of  the  Fifth  Declension  end  in  -es,  and  are 
declined :  — 

Res,  f.,  thing. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 


Dies,  m. 

day. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

Nom.   dies 

dies 

Gen.    diei 

dierum 

Dat.     diei 

diebus 

Ace.     diem 

dies 

Voc.     dies 

dies 

AM.     die 

diebus 

res 

rSi 

r§i 

rem 

res 

re 


res 

rerum 

rebus 

res 

res 

rebus 


1 .  The  ending  of  the  Genitive  and  Dative  Singular  is  -€i,  instead 
of  -ei,  when  a  consonant  precedes ;  as,  spgi,  rSi. 

2.  With  the  exception  of  dies  and  res,  most  nouns  of  the  Fifth 
Declension  are  not  declined  in  the  Plural. 

3.  Nouns  of  the  Fifth  Declension  are  regularly  Feminine,  except 
dies,  day,  and  meridies,  mid-day,  and  even  dies  is  sometimes  Femi- 
nine in  the  Singular. 

23 


24  Fourth  and  Fifth  Declensions, 

58.  -  VOCABULARY. 

acies,  ei,  f.,  line  of  battle.  legio,  onis,  f.,  legion. 

colloco,  I  place,  arrange,  station.  manus,  us,  f.,  hand;  in  military 
comu,  us,  n.,  horn;  in  military  sense,  band,  force. 

sense,  wing  of  an  army.  nuntio,  /  announce,  report. 

de,  concerning,  prep,  with  abl.  portus,  us,  m.,  harbor. 

dexter,  tra,  tnim,  right.  reliquus,  a,  um,  remaining. 

dubito,  /  doubt,  am  in  doubt.  senatus,  lis,  m.,  senate* 

fides,  ei,  i.,  fidelity,  loyalty,  spes,  spei,  f.,  hope. 

EXERCISES. 

59.  1.  Fidei,  de  fide.  2.  Manus,  manibus.  3.  In  acie. 
4.  Cornua,  cornuum.  5.  Portus,  portibus.  6.  Senattis,  sena- 
tui.  7.  Spes  auxili,  multi  portus,  magnos  portus.  8.  In 
senatti,  de  spe,  spei.  9.  Portui  bono,  magnus  numerus  por- 
tuum,  in  portibus  bonis.  10.  Eerum  multarum,  de  rebus 
multis,  rem  magnam,  de  re  magna. 

60.  1.  Galli  cum  magna  manti  legionem  Eomanam  oppugnant. 
2.  Eeliquae  legiones  sunt  in  dextro  cornti.  3.  In  portu  est 
parva  insula.  4.  Galba  de  fide  Gallorum  dubitat.  5.  Cae- 
sar multas  res  senatui  ntintiat.  6.  Milites  in  acie  collocat. 
7.  Sumus  in  magna  spe  victoriae.  8.  Portus  insulae  sunt 
bonl.  9.  Senatum  Eomanum  acctisamus.  10.  De  multis 
rebus  dubitant.  11.  Caesar  legiones  in  acie  collocat  et 
oppidum  oppugnat.  12.  De  fide  multarum  legionum  dubi- 
tamus.         13.  De  reliquis  rebus  dubitatis. 


CHAPTER   IX. 

ADJECTIVES  (Continued). 
NINE   IRREGULAR  ADJECTIVES. 


61.    Here  belong  :  — 

alius,  another  ; 
iillus,  any  ; 
uter,  which  ?  (of  two)  ; 
solus,  alone; 


alter,  the  other; 
nuUus,  none,  no; 
neuter,  neither; 
totus,  whole; 


unus,  one,  alone. 


They  are  declined  as  follows  ; 


SINGULAR. 

alius,  another. 

alter,  the  other. 

Masculine.    Feminine. 

Neuter. 

Masculine. 

Feminine. 

Neuter. 

Nom. 

alius          alia 

aliud 

alter 

altera 

alterum 

Gen. 

alterius     alterius 

alterius  i 

alterius 

alterius 

alterius 

Dat. 

alii             alii 

alii 

alteri 

alteri" 

alteri 

Ace. 

alium        aliam 

aliud 

alterum 

alteram 

alterum 

Voc. 

Ahl. 

alio            alia 

alio 

alters 

altera 

altero 

uter,  which  f 

totus,  whole. 

Nom.  uter  utra  utrum 

Gen.    utrius  utrius  utrius 

Dat.    utri  utri  utri 

Ace.    utrum  utram  utrum 

Voc.    : 

Ahl.     utro  utra  utro 


totus  tota  totum 

totius  totius  totius 

toti  toti  toti 

totum  tot  am  totum 


toto 


tota 


toto 


1.  All  these  words  lack  the  Vocative. 

2.  The  Plural  is  regular,  and  is  declined  like  tonus. 


1  This  is  regularly  used,  instead  of  alius. 
25 


26 


Adjectives  of  the  Third  Declension, 


ADJECTIVES   OF   THE   THIRD  DECLENSION. 

62.  These  fall  into  three  classes :  — 

1.  Adjectives  of  three  terminations  in  the  Nominative 
Singular,  —  one  for  each  gender. 

2.  Adjectives  of  two  terminations. 

3.  Adjectives  of  one  termination. 

a.  With  the  exception  of  Comparatives,  and  a  few  other  words 
mentioned  below  (see  §  68.  1),  all  Adjectives  of  the  Third 
Declension  follow  the  inflection  of  i-stems ;  i.e.  they  have  the 
Ablative  Singular  in  -T,  the  Genitive  Plural  in  -ium,  the  Accusa- 
tive Plural  in  -is  (as  well  as  -es)  in  the  Masculine  and  Feminine, 
and  the  N'ominative  and  Accusative  Plural  in  -ia  in  the  Neuter. 

63.  Adjectives  of  Three  Terminations. 

These  are  declined  as  follows :  — 


Acer,  sharp. 

SINGULAR. 

Masculine. 

Feminine. 

Neutbe. 

Nom. 

acer 

acris 

acre 

Gen. 

acris 

acris 

acris 

Dat. 

acri 

acri 

acri 

Ace. 

acrem 

acrem 

acre 

Voc. 

acer 

acris 

acre 

Ahl. 

acri 

acii 

PLURAL. 

acri 

Nom. 

acrgs 

acres 

acria 

Gen. 

acrium 

acrium 

acrium 

Dat. 

acribus 

acribus 

acribus 

Ace. 

acres, -is 

acres,  -is 

acria 

Voc. 

acres 

acres 

acria 

AM. 

acribus 

acribus 

acribus 

1.   Celer,  celeris,  celere,  swift,  retains  the  e  before  r,  but  lacks  the 
Grenitive  Plural. 


Adjectives,  27 

64.  VOCABULARY. 

ager,  agri,  m.  afield.  dono,  I  present. 

celer,  eris,  ere,  swift.  equester,  tris,  tre,  equestrian. 

cohors,  rtis,  1,  cohort.  princeps,  cipis,  m.,  chief. 

collis,  is,  m.,  hill.  sine,  without^  prep,  with  abl. 

conjuro,  I  conspire.  terra,  ae,  f.,  land. 
delecto,  I  delight, 

EXERCISES. 

65.  1.  Alia  terra,  alterius  terrae.  2.  Aliud  periculum,  ali- 
orum  periculorum.  3.  Toti  cohort!,  totius  collis.  4.  Ntilll 
agri,  nullius  agrl.  5.  Alii  legionl,  aliae  legiones.  6.  Sine 
ulla  spe,  nullius  cohortis,  null!  colli.  7.  Proelia  equestria, 
proeliis  equestribus,  proeliorum  equestrium.  8.  Unum  proe- 
Hum,  aliud  proelium,  alii  proelio,  alter!  proelio.  9.  Victoriae 
celeris,  victorias  celeres,  victori!s  celeribus,  victoria  celer!. 

66.  1.  Pr!ncipes  tot!us  Galliae  conjurant.  2.  De  ali!s 
rebus  dubitamus.  3.  Sine  ullo  timore  alterum  oppidum 
oppugnant.  4.  Alio  proelio  d!niicat.  5.  Nullos  m!lites 
alterius  cohortis  laudamus.  6.  Unam  legionem  in  dextro 
cornti  collocat.  7.  Collem  ali!s  cohortibus  occupat.  8.  Ger- 
man!s  sol!s  agros  donat.  9.  Equestr!  proelio  d!micat. 
10.  Spes  celeris  victoriae  legiones  delectat.  11.  Alios  milites 
in  acie  collocas.  12.  Senatus  de  fide  un!us  ducis  dubitat. 
13.  Equites  Eomani  agros  Belgarum  et  multarum  q^liarum 
civitatum  vexant. 


CHAPTER   X. 


67. 


ADJECTIVES   (Continued). 
Adjectives  of  Two  Terminations. 


Fortis,  strong. 

Fortior, 

stronger. 

SINGULAR. 

SINGULAR. 

M. AND  F. 

Neut. 

M.  AND  F. 

Neut. 

Nom, 

fortis 

forte 

fortior 

fortius 

Gen 

fortis 

fortis 

fortioris 

fortioris 

DaL 

forti 

forti 

fortiori 

fortiori 

Ace. 

forte m 

forte 

fortiorem 

fortius 

Voc. 

fortis 

forte 

fortior 

fortius 

Ahl. 

forti 

forti 

fortiore,  -i 

fortiore,  -i 

PLURAL. 

PLURAL. 

Norn. 

fortes 

fortia 

fortiores 

fortiora 

Gen. 

fortium 

fortium 

fortiorum 

fortiorum 

Dat. 

fortibus 

fortibus 

fortioribus 

fortioribus 

Ace. 

fortes,  -IS 

fortia 

fortiores,  -is 

fortiora 

Voc. 

fortes 

fortia 

fortiores 

fortiora 

AM. 

fortibus 

fortibus 

fortioribus 

fortioribus 

1.   Fortior  is  the  Comparative  of  fortis. 
regularly  declined  in  the  same  way. 


All  Comparatives  are 


68.  Adjectives  of  One  Termination. 

Felix,  happy,  Prudens,  prudent. 


SINGULAR. 

SINGULAR. 

M.  AND  F. 

Neut. 

M.  AND  F. 

Neut. 

Nom. 

fellx 

felix 

priidens 

priidens 

Gen. 

felicis 

felicis 

priidentis 

priidentis 

Dat. 

felici 

felici 

prudenti 

prudenti 

Ace. 

felicem 

felix 

prudentem 

prudens 

Voc. 

felix 

felix 

prudens 

priidens 

Ahl. 

felici 

felici 

prudenti 

priidenti 

PLURAL. 

PLURAL. 

Nom. 

felices 

felicia 

priidentes 

prudentia 

Gen. 

felicium 

felicium 

priidentium 

priidentium 

Dat. 

felicibus 

felicibus 

priidentibus 

priidentibus 

Ace. 

felices,  -is 

felicia 

priidentes,  -is 

priidentia 

Voc. 

felices 

felicia 

priidentes 

priidentia 

Ahl 

felicibus 

felicibus 

priidentibus 

priidentibus 

28 


Adjectives  of  the  Third  Declension. 


29 


Vetus,  old. 

SINGULAR. 


M.    AND    F. 

Norn,  vetus 
Gen.    veteris 
Dat.    veteri 
A  cc.    veterem 
Voc.    vetus 
Abl.    vetere 

PLU] 

Nom.  veteres 

Gen.  veterum 

Dat.  veteribus 

Ace.  veteres 

Voc.  veteres 

Ahl.  veteribus 


Neut. 
vetus 
veteris 
veteri 
vetus 
vetus 
vetere 

Vetera 

veterum 

veteribus 

Vetera 

Vetera 

veteribus 


Plus,  more. 

SINGULAR. 

M.  AND  F.  Neut. 

plus 

pluris 

plus 

plure 

PLURAL. 

plures  plura 

plurium  plurium 

pluribus  pluribus 

plures,  -IS  plura 


pluribus 


pluribus 


1.  It  will  be  observed  that  vetus  is  declined  as  a  pure  Consonant- 
Stem  ;  i.e.,  Ablative  Singular  in  -e,  Genitive  Plural  in  -um,  Nomina- 
tive Plural  Neuter  in  -a,  and  Accusative  Plural  Masculine  and 
Feminine  in  -es  only.  In  the  same  way  are  declined  dives,  rich^ 
pauper,  poor. 

2.  Plus,  in  the  Singular,  is  used  only  as  a  substantive. 


69. 


VOCABULARY. 


aditus,  us,  m.,  approach. 
adulescens,     entis,     m.,     young 

man. 
commiinis,  e,  common. 
complures,   ra,   gen.   -ium,   very 

many. 
concilium,  i  (ii),  n.,  council. 
delibero,  I  deliberate^  consult. 
difficilis,  e,  difficult. 
ferax,  gen.  feracis,  fertile. 
fides,  ei,  f.,  protection. 


Haedui,  orum,  m.  pi.,  Haedui^ 
a  Gallic  tribe. 

incolumis,  e,  unharmed^  unin- 
jured. 

legatus,  1,  m.,  envoy. 

navalis,  e,  naval. 

nobilis,  e,  noble. 

omnis,  e,  all^  every. 

tribunus,  i,  m.,  tribune. 

Veneti,  orum,  m.  pi.,  Veneti^  a 
Gallic  tribe. 


EXERCISES. 
70.     1.    Agrorum  feracium,  in  agrls  feracibus.         2.    Om- 
nibus    aditibus,    omnis    aditus.         3.    Nobilis     adulescentis, 


80  Adjectives. 

nobilium  adulescentium.  4.  Proelia  navalia,  proeliis  nava- 
libus.  5.  Concilia  communia,  conciliis  commtinibus.  6.  In 
omnibus  proeliis,  omnium  proeliorum,  omnis  legates.  7.  Ter- 
rae  feraces,  terrarum  feracium,  compltires  legati  Eomani. 
8.  Omnis  agros  Haeduorum,  in  omnibus  adulescentibus,  com- 
plurium  victoriarum.  9.  Legatorum  nobilium,  omnibus 
tribtinis  legionis. 

71.  1.  Mllites  Komani  sunt  incolumes.  2.  Cum  omnibus 
copiis  oppidum  oppugnat.  3.  Helvetii  agros  feraces  Haedu- 
orum  vexant.  4.  Tribtinos  omnium  legionum  vocat.  5.  Com- 
pltires legati  fidem  Caesaris  implorant.  6.  Belgae  in  concilio 
commtini  de  bello  deliberant.  7.  Nobiles  adulescentes  accti- 
sat.  8.  Eomani  Venetos  proelio  navali  superant.  9.  Omnes 
aditus  sunt  difficiles.  10.  Adulescens  nobilis  est  incolumis. 
11.  Nullus  vir  fortis  pericula  communia  vitat.  12.  Legati 
Haeduorum  sunt  nobiles  adulescentes.  13.  Omnia  oppida 
Eomanorum  sunt  incolumia. 


CHAPTER    XL 


COMPARISON   OF   ADJECTIVES. 

72.  1.  There  are  three  degrees  of  Comparison,  —  the 
Positive,  the  Comparative,  and  the  Superlative. 

2.  The  Comparative  is  regularly  formed  by  adding  -ior 
(Neut.  -ius),  and  the  Superlative  by  adding -issimus (-a, -um), 
to  the  Stem  of  the  Positive  deprived  of  its  final  vowel :  — 


altus,  high, 

altior,  higher. 

altissimus,  \  ^'9^'f:  , 
(  very  high. 

fortissimus. 

fortis,  brave, 

fortior, 

f  elix,  fortunate, 

felicior, 

felicissimus. 

3.  Adjectives  in  -er  form  the  Superlative  by  appending  -rimus  to 
the  Nominative  of  the  Positive.   The  Comparative  is  regular.   Thus :  — 

pulcher,  beautiful,         pulchrior,  pulcherrimus. 

celer,  swift,  celerior,  celerrimus. 

4.  Five  adjectives  in  -ills  form  the  Superlative  by  adding  -limus 
to  the  Stem  of  the  Positive  deprived  of  its  final  vowel.  The  Com- 
parative is  regular.     Thus  :  — 

facilis,  easy,  facilior,  facillimus. 

difficilis,  difficult,  difficilior,  difficillimus. 

similis,  like,  similior,  simillimus. 

dissimilis,  unlike,  dissimilior,  dissimillimus. 

humilis,  loiu.  humilior,  humillimus. 

73.  Irregular  Comparison. 

Several  Adjectives  vary  the  Stem  in  Comparison;  viz., — 


bonus,  good,  melior,  optimus. 
mains,  bad,  pejor,  pessimus. 
parvus,  small,   minor,    minimus. 


magnus,  large,   major,  maximus^ 
multus,  much,    pliis,      plurimus. 


74.  Defective  Comparison. 

1.   Positive  lacking  entirely, — 

prior,  former, 

citerior,  on  this  side, 

ulterior,  farther, 

propior,  nearer, 

31 


primus,  first. 
citimus,  near. 
ultimus,  farthest. 
proximus,  nearest. 


82  Comparison  of  Adjectives. 

2.  Positive  occurring  only  in  special  cases,  — 

.  „      .  X    .       7  .        ( postremus,  last. 

posterns,  following,      posterior,  later,    < 
^  ?y  i/»      X-  (•postumua,  posthumous. 

^     .  ,     .  {  extremus,  ) 

exterus, /orei^n,  exterior,  ow^er,     -j  ^outermost. 

inferus,  low,  inferior,  lower,    \  _  '     >-  lowest. 

'       '  (imus.         > 

, .  ,  .       , .  -        ( supremus,  last. 

superus,  high,  superior, higher,  j  h'  J    t 

75.  VOCABULARY. 

Allobroges,  um,  m.  pi.,  Alldbro-  Geneva,  ae,  f . ,  Geneva,  a  town  of 
ges,  a  Gallic  tribe.  the  Allobroges. 

altitude,  inis,  f .,  depth,  height.  quattuor,  indecl.,  four. 

Avarioum,    i,    n.,    Avaricum,   a  quinque,  indecl. ,  Jive. 

Gallic  town.  urbs,  urbis,  f.,  city. 

fortis,  e,  brave.  vallis,  is,  f.,  valley. 

EXERCISES. 

76.  1.  Majora  periciila,  maximis  perlculis.  2.  Minoribus 
castris,  minorum  castrorum.  3.  Maximi  oppidi,  maxima 
oppida.  4.  Urbes  pulchriores,  urbium  pulcberrimarum. 
5.  Valles  majores,  in  vallibus  majoribus.  6.  Oppida  proxima, 
oppidorum  ultimorum,  urbes  pulcherrimae.  7.  Majorum 
castrorum,  majora  castra,  in  vallibus  pulcherrimis.  8.  Ur- 
bium proximarum,  in  urbibus  proximis,  legiones  optimae. 
9.  Legionum  meliorum,  legionibus  pejoribus. 

77.  1.  Belgae  sunt  fortissimi  omnium  Gallorum.  2.  Eeli- 
quae  cohortes  minora  castra  oppugnant.  *  3.  Altitude  fluminis 
est  minima.  4.  In  castris  majoribus  sunt  quinque  legiones. 
5.  Maxim  as  copias  paramus.  6.  Quattuor  cohortes  in  prima 
acie  sunt.  7.  Geneva  est  extremum  oppidum  Allobrogum. 
8.  Milites  cum  minore  periculo  dimicant.  9.  Avaricum  est 
pulcherrima  urbs  totius  Galliae.  10.  Adittis  sunt  difficillimi. 
11.  Legiones  Eomanae  agros  optimos  vastant.  12.  Milites 
tinius  cohortis  in  majoribus  castris  maxima  virtute  dimicant. 


CHAPTER  XII. 

FORMATION   AND   COMPARISON   OF   ADVERBS. 
NUMERALS. 

78.  Adverbs  are  for  the  most  part  derived  from  adjec- 
tives, and  depend  upon  them  for  their  comparison. 

1.  Adverbs  derived  from  adjectives  of  the  First  and 
Second  Declensions  form  the  Positive  by  changing  -i  of 
the  Genitive  Singular  to  -e  ;  those  derived  from  adjectives 
of  the  Third  Declension,  by  changing  -is  of  the  Genitive 
Singular  to  -iter ;  as,  — 

carus,         care,  dearly ; 
pulcher,     pulchre,  beautifully  ; 
acer,  acriter,  fiercely. 

a.  But  Adjectives  in  -ns  apparently  change  -is  of  the  Genitive 
to  -er.  (instead  of  -iter)  to  form  the  Adverb ;  as,  — 
sapiens,  sapienter,  tvisely. 
Audax  forms  audacter ;  sollers,  sollerter. 

2.  The  Comparative  of  all  Adverbs  regularly  consists  of  the  Accu- 
sative Singular  Neuter  of  the  Comparative  of  the  Adjective  ;  while  the 
Superlative  of  the  Adverb  is  found  by  changing  the  -i  of  the  Genitive 
Singular  of  the  Superlative  of  the  Adjective  to  -e.     Thus  :  — 

(carus) .        care,  dearly,  carius,  carissime. 

(pulcher)     pulchre,  beautifully,     pulchrius,     pulcherrime. 
(acer)  acriter,  fiercely,  acrius,  acerrime. 

(audax)        audacter,  boldly,  audacius,      audacissime. 

79.  Adverbs  Peculiar  in  Comparison  and  Formation. 

bene,  well,  melius,  optime. 

male,  ill,  pejus,  pessime. 

magnopere,  greatly,  magis,  maxime. 

multuni,  much,  plus,  plurimum. 


mmus. 


non  multum,  )  ,.  , 

Y  little, 
parum,  )         ' 

saepe,  often,  saepius,  saepissime. 

prope,  near,  propius,  proxime. 

33 


34 


Adverbs.  —  Numerals. 


80. 


Numerals. 


1.  For  the  declension  of  unus,  one,  see  p.  25. 

2.  Duo,  two,  and  tres,  three,  are  declined  as  follows  :  — 


Nom. 

duo 

duae 

duo 

Gen. 

duorum 

duarum 

L 

duorum 

Dat. 

duobus 

duabus 

duobus 

Ace. 

duos,  duo 

duas 

duo 

AM. 

duobus 

Nom.   tres 
Gen.    trium 
Dat,     tribus 
Ace      tres  (tris) 
Abl.      tribus 

duabus 

tria 

trium 

tribus 

tria 

tribus 

duobus 

3.  The  units  from  four  to  ten,  and  all  the  tens  from  ten  to  one 
hundred  are  indeclinable.  Hundreds  are  declined  like  the  plural  of 
bonus. 

4.  Mille,  thousand,  is  regularly  an  adjective  in  the  Singular,  and 
indeclinable.  In  the  Plural  it  is  a  substantive  (followed  by  the 
Genitive  of  the  objects  enumerated),  and  is  declined,  — 


Nom.   milia 
Gen,    milium 
Dat,     milibus 


Ace.  milia 
Voe.  milia 
Abl.    milibus 


81. 


VOCABULARY. 


acriter,    sharply,    fiercely 

acer). 
audacter,      courageously 

audax). 
c5git6,  I  think. 
defensio,  onis,  f.,  defence, 
diu,  adv.,  a  long  time. 
facile,  easily  (from  facilis). 
fortiter,  bravely  (from  fortis). 
fuga,  ae,  f.,  flight. 
impetus,  us,  m.,  onset,  attack. 


(from      insto,  I  press  on. 

magis,  more,  rather;  comp.  of 
(from  magnopere. 

maxime,  especially ;  sup.  of  mag- 
nopere. 

perturbs,  I  agitate. 

pugno,  I  fight. 

quam,  than. 

tardo,  I  retard,  check. 

trecenti,  ae,  a,  three  hundred. 


Review  Exercises.  35 


EXERCISES. 


82.  1.  Trecentomm  equitum.  2.  Cum  tribus  filiabus. 
3.  Tria  oppida,  in  tribus  oppidis.  4.  Duo  milia  equitum, 
mllle  equites.  5.  In  duabus  terrls.  6.  In  tribus  legioni- 
bus,  duo  Mil,  duos  fllios,  tres  prmcipes.  7.  Melius,  magis, 
minus  fortiter,  optime..  8.  Fortius,  maxime,  propius,  sae- 
pissime.         9.   Nomina  duorum  principum,  tribus  filiabus. 

83.  1.  Hostes  diu  ^  et  acriter  pugnant.  2.  Milites  magis 
de  fuga  quam  de  def ensione  castrorum  cogitant.  3.  Jumenta 
Gallos  maxime  delectant.  4.  Timor  mentes  militum  magno- 
pere  perturbat.  5.  Duae  legiones  audacius  Instant.  6.  Tre- 
centi  German!  sunt  in  castris.  7.  Milites  acerrime  et  for- 
tissime  pugnant.  8.  Caesar  impetum  hostium  facile  tardat. 
9.  Tria  milia  equitum  in  proelio  pugnant.  10.  Equites  minus 
audacter  instant.  11.  Unus  Eomanus  tres  adulescentes  Ger- 
manos  superat.  12.  Mille  equites  Eomani  cum  tribus  mili- 
bus  Gallorum  dimicant. 

REVIEW. 

1.  Sine  ullo  periculo  alterum  oppidum  Belgarum  oppugna- 
mus.  2.  Duas  legiones  in  dextro  cornti  coUocas.  3.  Quat- 
tuor  legati  Germanorum  auxilium  Caesaris,  ducis  Eomani, 
implorant.  4.    In    oppido    majore    sunt    tres    legiones. 

5.  Duos  colles  altissimos  occupamus.  6.  Acerrime  et  for- 
tissime  dimicatis.  7.  Legiones  castra  minora  oppugnant. 
8.  Collem  quinque  alils  legionibus  occupat.  9.  Yirttitem 
dueum  Eomanorum  et  militum  laudamus.  10.  Dux  maxi- 
mas  copias  parat.  11.  Virtutem  totius  aciei  laudamus. 
12.  Adulescens  nobilis  victoriam  copiarum  Eomanarum  senatui 
ntintiat.        13.   Duas  legiones  in  altero  cornu  collocat. 

1  The  adverb  usually  stands  immediately  before  the  word  which  it  modifies. 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

PRONOUNS. 

84.  A   Pronoun   is  a  word   that   indicates   something 
without  naming  it. 

I.     PERSONAL  PRONOUNS. 

85.  These  correspond  to  the  English  i",  you^  he^  she^  it^ 
etc. ,  and  are  declined  as  follows :  — 


First  Person. 

Second  Person. 

Third  Person. 

SINGULAR. 

Nom, 

'    ego,  / 

tu,  thou 

is,  he ;  ea,  she  ;  id,  it 

Gen. 

mei 

tui 

(For  Declension,  see  §  94.) 

Dat. 

mihi 

tibi 

Ace. 

me 

te 

Voc. 

tu 

AM. 

me 

te 

PLURAL. 

Nom, 

.    i\os,  we 

vos,  you 

Gen. 

(  nostrum 
I  nostri 

<  vestrum 
(  vestri 

Bat. 

nobis 

vobis 

Ace. 

nos 

vos 

Voc. 

vos 

AM. 

nobis 

vobis 

II.     REFLEXIVE  PRONOUNS. 

86.  These  refer  to  the  subject  of  the  sentence  or  clause 
in  which  they  stand ;  like  myself.,  yourself  in  ^  I  see  myself^ 
etc.     They  are  declined  as  follows :  — 

36 


Reflexive^  Possessive^  Demonstrative  Pronouns.       37 


First  Person, 

Second  Person. 

Third  Person, 

Supplied  by  oblique 

Supplied  by  oblique 

cases  of  ego. 

cases  of  tu. 

Gen, 

mei,  of  myself 

tui,  of  thyself 

sul 

Dat. 

mihi,  to  myself 

tibi,  to  thyself 

sibi 

Ace. 

me,  myself 

te,  thyself 

se  s)r  sese 

Voc. 

Ahl. 

me,  with  myself  etc. 

te,  with  thyself  etc. 

se  or  sese 

1.  The  Reflexive  of  the  Third  Person  serves  for  all  genders  and  for 
both  numbers.  Thus  sui  may  mean,  of  himself  herself  itself  or  of 
themselves;  and  so  with  the  other  cases  of  sui. 

III.     POSSESSIVE  PRONOUNS. 

87.  These  are  strictly  adjectives  of  the  First  and  Second 
Declensions,  and  are  inflected  as  such.     They  are  :  — 

First  Person.  Second  Person. 

meus,  -a,  -um,  my  ;  tuus,  -a,  -um,  thy  ; 

noster,  nostra,  nostrum,  our ;  vester,  vestra,  vestrum,  your; 

Third  Person. 
suus,  -a,  -um,  his,  her,  its,  their. 

1.   Suus  is  exclusively  Reflexive  ;  as,  — 

pater  liberos  suos  amat,  the  father  loves  his  children. 
Otherwise,  his,  her,  its,  are  regularly  expressed  by  the  Genitive  Singular 
of  is,  viz.  §jus ;  and  their,  by  the  Genitive  Plural,  eorum,  earum. 

TV.     DEMONSTRATIVE   PRONOUNS. 

88.  These  point  out  an  object  as  here  or  there,  or  as 
previously  mentioned.     They  are  :  — 

hic,  this  ;  iste,  ille,  is,  that;  idem,  the  same. 
Hie,  this. 


SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

Masculine. 

.    Feminine. 

Neuter. 

Masculine. 

Feminine. 

Neuter. 

Norn,   hic 

haec 

hoc 

hi 

hae 

haec 

Gen.    hiijus 

hujus 

hiijus 

ho  rum 

harum 

horum 

Dat.     huic 

huic 

huic 

his 

his 

his 

Ace.     hunc 

banc 

hoc 

hos 

has 

haec 

Abl.     hoc 

hac 

hoc 

his 

his 

his 

38  Pronouns, 


89.  VOCABULARY. 

ad,  «o,i  towards^  prep.  w.  ace.  memoria,  ae,  f.,  memory,  recoUec- 

amice,  in  a  friendly  manner,  tion. 

cams,  a,  mn,  dear,  officium,  i  (ii),  n.,  duty. 

culpo,  Ihlame.  praesto, /j)er/orm. 

Dumnorix,  igis,  m. ,  Dumnorix,  a  probo,  /  approve. 

chief  of  the  Haedui.  quoque,  also,  always  placed  after 

gladius,  1  (ii),  m.,  sword.  the  word  it  modifies. 

gratus,  a,  um,  pleasing,  welcome,  salus,  utis,  f.,  safety. 

imperator,  oris,  m.,  commander,  verbum,  i,  n.,  word. 
judico,  I  judge,  adjudge, 

EXERCISES. 

90.  1.  Mihi,  nobis,  nos.  2.  Sui,  sibi.  3.  Te,  vobis, 
vestri.  4.  Tti,  mei,  vos,  tibi,  vestruin,  me,  se.  5.  Pater 
meus,^  pater  noster,  patrum  nostrorum.  6.  Patris  tul,  patres 
vestri.  7.  Htijus  patris,  horum  patrum.  8.  Gladius  meus, 
imperatorl  nostro,  ofiB.ciorum  vestrorum.  9.  Huic  puero,  bos 
viros,  horum  castrorum. 

91.  1.  Ego  officium  meum^  imperatorl  praesto.  2.  Caesar 
nos  acriter  acctisat.  3.  Tua  nostri  memoria  mihi  est  grata. 
4.  Ad  se  Dumnorlgem  vocat.  5.  Caesar  de  vobIs  amicissime 
judicat.  6.  Tu  quoque  verba  mea  probas.  7.  Ego  me 
acciiso.  8.  Se  culpant.  9.  Hic  ^  pater  f ilias  suas  vocat. 
10.  Yestra  saltis,  milites,  huic  imperatorl  cara  est.  11.  Equi- 
tes  nostri  gladiis  suis  pugnant.  12.  Hos  pueros  ad  nos 
vocamus.         13.   In  hoc  proelio  equestri  audacissime  pugnant. 

1  English  to  is  rendered  by  ad  in  Latin,  if  there  is  an  idea  of  motion  ;  other- 
wise the  Dative  is  used. 

2  The  Possessive  Pronouns,  unless  emphatic,  are  ordinarily  placed  after  the 
noun  which  they  limit. 

8  A  Demonstrative  Pronoun,  like  an  adjective,  agrees  in  Gender,  Number, 
and  Case  with  the  noun  it  limits. 


CHAPTEE  XIV. 


DEMONSTRATIVE  PRONOUNS  (Continued). —THE 
INTENSIVE   PRONOUN. 


92. 


Iste,  that,  that  of  yours. 


SINGULAR. 

Masoulinb. 

Feminine. 

Nam.  iste 

ista 

Gen,    istius 

istius 

Dat,    isti 

isti 

Ace,    istum 

istam 

AhL    isto 

ista 

PLURAL. 

Masculine. 

Feminine. 

Nom.  isti 

istae 

Gen.    istorura 

istarum 

Dat.    istis 

istis 

Ace,    istos 

istas 

All.    istis 

istis 

Neuteb. 

istud 

istius 

isti 

istud 

isto 

Neftbb, 

ista 

istorum 

istis 

ista 

istis 


93. 


lUe,  that,  that  one,  he,  is  declined  like  iste. 


94. 


Is,  he,  that,  this. 


SINGULAR. 

Masculine. 

Feminine. 

Neuteb. 

Nam,  is 

ea 

id 

Gen.    ejus 

ejus 

ejus 

Dat.    ei 

ei 

ei 

Ace,    eum 

earn 

id 

Ahl,    eo 

ea 

PLURAL. 

eo 

Masculine. 

Feminine. 

Neutbb. 

Nom,  ei  or  ii 

eae 

ea 

Gen.    eorum 

earum 

eorum 

Dat,    eis  or  iis 

eis  or  iis 

eis  or  iis 

Ace,    eos 

eas 

ea 

Ahl,    eis  or  iis 

eis  or  iis 
39 

eis  or  iis 

40 


Demonstrative  and  Intensive  Pronouns. 


95. 


Idem,  the  same. 

SINGULAR. 

Masculine. 

Feminine. 

Neuter. 

Norn. 

idem 

eadem 

idem 

Gen, 

ejusdem 

ejusdem 

ejusdem 

Dat. 

eidem 

eidem 

eidem 

Ace. 

eundem 

eandem 

idem 

AM. 

eodem 

eadem 

PLURAL. 

eodem 

Masculine. 

Feminine. 

Neuter, 

Norn. 

(  eidem  ) 
(  iidem  > 

eaedem 

eadem 

Gen. 

eorundem. 

earundem 

eorundem 

Dat. 

eisdem 

eisdem 

eisdem 

Ace. 

eosdem 

easdem 

eadem 

Abl. 

eisdem 

eisdem 

eisdem 

The  Nom.  PI.  Masc.  also  has  idem,  and  the  Dat.  Abl.  PL  isdem 
or  lis  d em. 

V.     The  Intensive  Pronoun. 

96.    The  Intensive  Pronoun  in  Latin  is  ipse.     It  corre- 
sponds to  the  English  myself.,  etc.,  in  '- 1  myself^  he  himself  J* 


Masculine. 
Nom.  ipse 
Gen.    ipsius 
Dat.     ipsi 
Ace,     ipsum 
Ahl.     ipso 

Masculine. 
Nom.   ipsi 
Gen.    ipsorum 
Dat.     ipsis 
Ace,    ipsos 
Ahl.     ipsis 


SINGULAR. 

Feminine. 

ipsa 
ipsius 
ipsi 
ipsam 


PLURAL. 

Feminine. 

ipsae 

ipsarum 

ipsis 

ipsas 

ipsis 


Neuter. 

ipsum 

ipsius 

ipsi 

ipsum 

ipso 

Neutbr. 

ipsa 

ipsorum 

ipsis 

ipsa 

ip^s 


Pronouns.  41 

97.  VOCABULARY. 

bene,  well.  opinio,  onis,  f.,  opinion^  expectation. 

causa,  ae,  f.,  cause^  condition,  porta,  ae,  f.,  gate, 

exercitus,  us,  m.,  army.  servus,  i,  m.,  slave. 

facultas,  atis,  f.,  supply,  sex,  indecl.,  six. 

ignavus,  a,  um,  cowardly,  summus,  highest^  greatest;   sup.  of 

labor,  oris,  m.,  labor,  superus  (§  74,  2). 

EXERCISES. 

98.  1.  Illlus*  opmionis,  illae  opmiones.  2.  Ejusdem 
exercitus,  in  eodem  exercitti.  3.  Eae  causae,  de  eis  causis. 
4.  Eorundem  laborum,  eisdein  laboribus.  5.  Servi  ipsius,^ 
ipsos  servos.  6.  In  isto  exercitti,  istlus  exercitus,  eidem 
exercitui.  7.  Eodem  labore,  ejusdem  opmionis,  earundem 
portarum.         8.   Illis  causis,  in  eadem  causa,  eadem  castra^ 

99.  1.  Isti  mllites  sunt  ignavi.  2.  Officia  ill!  praestamus. 
3.  In  illo  exercitti  sunt  multi  servi.  4.  Ejus  nomen  est 
Galba.  5.  De  ea  causa  bene  jtidicat.  6.  Sex  cohortes 
ejus  legionis  portas  ipsas  oppidi  oppugnant.  7.  De  eisdem 
rebus  jtidicamus.  8.  In  eadem  causa  sunt  alii  Galli. 
9.  Eidem  equites  ilium  laudant.  10.  In  eo  oppido  est  summa 
facultas  omnium  rerum.  11.  Eam  ad  nos  voco.  12.  Pa- 
trem  eorum  laudo.  13.  Milites  nostri  ilium  difficiliorem 
aditum  fortiter  oppugnant.  14.  Dux  illius  exercittis  est 
ignavissimus. 

1  The  Demonstrative  Pronouns  regularly  precede  the  noun  which  they  limit. 

2  The  Intensive  Pronoun  stands  sometimes  before,  sometimes  after,  the 
noun  which  it  limits. 


CHAPTER  XV. 

RELATIVE,   INTERROGATIVE,   AND   INDEFINITE 
PRONOUNS. 

VI.     THE   RELATIVE  PRONOUN. 

100.  The   Relative   Pronoun   is   qui,   who.      It   is   de- 
clined :  — 

SINGULAR. 

Masculine.    Feminine.    Neuter. 

Nom.  qui  quae  quod 

Gen.  cujus  cujus  cujus 

Dat.  cui  cui  cui 

Ace.  quern  quam  quod 

Ahl.  quo  qua  quo 

VII.     INTERROGATIVE   PRONOUNS. 

101.  The  Interrogative  Pronoi^ns  are  qui^^who?  (sub- 
stantive) and  qui,  what?  what  kind  off  (adjective). 


PLURAL. 

Masculine. 

Feminine. 

Neutek. 

qui 

quae 

quae 

quorum 

quarum 

quorum 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

qu6s 

quas 

quae 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

1. 

Quis, 

who? 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

Masc.  and  Fem. 

Neuter. 

Nom, 

quis 

quid 

Plural  forms  are  rare. 

Gen. 

ciijus 

ciijus 

When  they   occur  they 

Dat. 

cui 

cui 

follow     the     declension 

Ace. 

quem 

quid 

of     the     Relative    Pro- 

Ahl. 

quo 

quo 

noun. 

2.  qui,  whaf^  what  kind  of?  is  declined  precisely  like  the  Relative 
Pronoun ;  viz.  qui,  quae,  quod,  etc. 

42 


Indefinite  Pronouns. 


43 


VIII.     INDEFINITE  PRONOUNS. 

102.    These  have  the  general  force  of  some  one,  any  one^ 
as  shown  in  the  following  list :  — 


SUBSTANTIVES. 


M.   AND  F. 

quis, 

aliquis, 

quisquara, 

quispiam, 
quisque, 


Neut. 
my  one 
anything. 
( some  one, 


quld,]""^""*^ 


'  1  something. 

(  any  one, 
quidquam,  •<       "        ' 

quidpiam, 

quidque,  each. 

.,.       ( any  one, 
quivis,       quaevis,      quidvis,  _,,  . 

,.,    ,  ,.,    ,  .,,.,  \  i     anything 

quilibet,    quaelibet.    quidlibet,  .  ; 

^  '    ^  '  >-    you  wish. 

a  certain 

person 

or  thing. 


quidam,    quaedam,    quiddam, 


ADJECTIVES. 

Masc.  Fem.  Neut. 

qui,  quae  or  qua,    quod,  any, 

aliqui,  aliqua,  aliquod,  some. 


No  corresponding  adjective. 


quispiam,      quaepiam, 
quisque,        quaeque. 


qui  VIS, 
quilibet, 


quaevis, 
quaelibet. 


quodpiam,  any. 

quodque,  each. 

quod  vis, 
quodlibet, 


quidam,        quaedam,         quoddam, 


any 
you 
wish. 

I  a  cer- 
\  tain. 


1.  In  the  Indefinite  Pronouns,  only  the  pronominal  part  is  declined. 
Thus:  Genitive  Singular  alicujus,  cujuslibet,  etc. 

2.  Note  that  aliqui  has  aliqua  in  the  Nominative  Singular  Femi- 
nine, also  in  the  Nominative  and  Accusative  Plural  Neuter.  Qui  has 
both  qua  and  quae  in  these  same  cases. 

3.  Quidam  forms  Accusative  Singular  quendam,  quandam ;  Gen- 
itive Plural  quorundam,  quarundam ;  the  m  being  assimilated  to  n 
before  d. 

4.  There  are  two  Indefinite  Relatives,  —  quicumque  and  quisquis, 
whoever.  Quicumque  declines  only  the  first  part ;  quisquis  declines 
both,  but  has  only  quisquis,  quidquid,  quoquo  in  common  use. 

103.  Principle  of  Syntax. 

Agreement  of  Relative  Pronouns.  The  Relative  Pro- 
noun agrees  with  its  Antecedent  in  Gender  and  Number, 
but  its  Case  is  determined  by  its  construction  in  the  clause 
in  which  it  stands ;  as,  — 

mulier  quam  videbamus,  the  woman  whom  we  saw  ; 
bona  quae  dSsider^mus,  the  blessings  which  we  miss. 


44  Pronouns. 

104.  VOCABULARY. 

armo,  I  arm,  homo,    minis,    c,    man^    human 

dubito,  I  hesitate^  waver,  being. 

dux,  ducis,  c,  leader.  praeda,  ae,  f.,  booty. 

err 6,  /  err^  am  mistaken.  si,  if. 

fugo,  I  put  to  flight.  spero,  I  hope,  hope  for;  governs 

hiberna,   orum,    n.    pi.,    winter-  the  ace. 
quarters. 

EXERCISES. 

105.  1.  Miles  quidam,  militibus  quibusdam.  2.  Quis^ 
homo  ?  Quod  oppidum  ?  3.  Cuique  civitati,  cujusque  servl. 
4.  Praeda  aliqua,  in  proelio  aliquo.  5.  Homo  quilibet, 
hominis  ctijuslibet.  6.  Quamque  cohortem.  Ctijus  auctori- 
tas  ?  In  qua  civitate  ?  7.  Oppidorum  quorundam,  in  oppidis 
quibusdam,  viro  cuidam.  8.  Homini  cuivis,  hominibus  qui- 
busvls.        9.    Cuiquam,  quidquam,  ctijusquam. 

106.  1.  Cohortes  quasdam  in  hibernis  collocat.  2.  Si 
quisquam  saltitem  sperat,  errat.  3.  Dux  militibus,  qui  oppi- 
dum oppugnant,  praedam  donat.  4.  Legiones  laudat  quae 
hostis  fugant.  5.  Servos  armat  qui  in  castris  sunt.  6.  Col- 
lem  quendam  occupat.  7.  Quis  hunc  hominem  acctisat  ? 
8.  Caesar  prmcipes  cujusque  civitatis  ad  se  vocat.  9.  Quod 
oppidum  oppugnatis  ?  10.  Quae  castra  hi  milites  oppugnant  ? 
11.  Quis  vestrum  saltitem  urbis  sperat?  12.  Hic  imperator 
legiones  culpat  quae  pericula  vitant. 

1  Quis  is  sometimes  used  as  an  interrogative  adjective.  It  has  the  force 
of  what?  whereas  qui  means  rather  what  kind  of? 


CHAPTEE  XVI. 
CONJUGATION. 

107.  The  inflection  of  Verbs  is  called  Conjugation. 

108.  Verbs  have  Voice,  Mood,  Tense,  Number,  Person: 

1.  Two  Voices,  —  Active  and  Passive. 

2.  Three  Moods,  —  Indicative,  Subjunctive,  Imperative. 

3.  Six  Tenses,  —  Present,  Imperfect,  Future,  Perfect,  Pluperfect, 

Future  Perfect. 
But  the  Subjunctive  lacks  the  Future  and  Future  Perfect ;  while 
the  Imperative  employs  only  the  Present  and  Future. 

4.  Two  Numbers,  —  Singular  and  Plural. 

5.  Three  Persons,  —  First,  Second,  and  Third. 

109.  These  make  up  the  so-called  Finite  Verb.     Besides* 
this,  we  have  the  following  Noun  and  Adjective  Forms:  — 

1.  Noun  Forms,  —  Infinitive,  Gerund,  and  Supine. 

2.  Adjective  Forms,  —  Participles  (including  the  Gerundive). 

THE  FOUR   CONJUGATIONS. 

110.  There  are  in  Latin  four  regular  Conjugations,  dis- 
tinguished from  each  other  by  the  first  vowel  of  the  ter- 
mination of  the  Present  Infinitive  Active,  as  follows :  — 

Infinitive  Distinguishing 

Conjugation.  Termination.  Vowel. 

I.  -gbre  & 

II.  -Sre  S 

III.  -gre  g 

lY.  -ire  i 

111.  Principal  Parts.  The  Present  Indicative,  Pres- 
ent Infinitive,  Perfect  Indicative,  and  the  Perfect  Parti- 
ciple ^  constitute  the  Principal  Parts  of  a  Latin  verb,  —  so 
called  because  they  contain  the  different  stems,  from  which 
the  full  conjugation  of  the  verb  may  be  derived. 

1  VHiere  the  Perfect  Participle  is  not  in  use,  the  Future  Active  Participle,  if 
it  occurs,  is  given  as  one  of  the  Principal  Parts. 

45 


46 


Conjugation  of  sum. 


.      INDICATIVE   OF  sum, 

112.  The  irregular  verb  sum  is  so  important  for  the 
conjugation  of  all  other  verbs  that  its  inflection  is  given 
at  the  outset. 


* 

Principal  Parts. 

Pres.  Ind. 

Pres.  Inf.                  Perf.  Ind.                   Fut.  Partic* 

Slim 

esse                     fui                     futurus 

Present  Tense. 

SINGULAR 

PLURAL. 

sum,  /  am, 

sumus,  we  are, 

es,  thou  art. 

estis,  you  are, 

est,  he  is  ; 

sunt,  they  are. 

Imperfect. 

eram,  I  was, 

eramus,  we  were. 

eras,  thou  wast. 

eratis,  you  were, 

erat,  he  was; 

erant,  they  were. 

Future. 

ero,  /  shall  be. 

erimus,  we  shall  be, 

eris,  thou  wilt  he, 

eritis,  you  will  be, 

erit,  he  will  be  ; 

erunt,  they  will  be. 

Perfect. 

fuimus,  we  have  been,  we  ivere, 
fuisti,  thou  hast  been,  thou  wast,  fuistis,  you  have  been,  you  were, 

fuerunt,  , 


fui,  I  have  been,  I  was,^ 
fuisti,  thou  hast  been,  tho 

fuit,  he  has  been,  he  was; 


jj  -         '  r  t^^y  have  been,  they  were. 


fueram,  I  had  been, 
fueras,  thou  hadst  been, 
f uerat,  he  had  been  ; 


Pluperfect. 

fueramus,  we  had  been, 
fueratis,  you  had  been, 
fuerant,  they  had  been. 

Future  Perfect. 

fuero,  /  shall  have  been,  fuerimus,  we  shall  have  been, 

fueris,  thou  wilt  have  been,  fueritis,  you  will  have  been, 

fuerit,  he  will  have  been;  fuerint,  they  will  have  been. 

1  The  Perfect  Participle  is  wanting  in  sum. 

2  These  two  meanings  are  designated  respectively  as  the  Present  Perfect 
{I  have  been)  and  the  Historical  Perfect  {I  was). 


Conjugation  of  sum.  47 

113  VOCABULARY. 

ante,  before^  in  front  o/,  prep,  with  ibi,  adv.,  there^  in  that  place* 

ace.  inopia,  ae,  1,  lack^  need. 

Bibulus,  i,  m.,  Bihulus  (a  man's  nondum,  not  yet. 

name).  quondam,  formerly, 

firmus,  a,  um,  firm^  strong,  septem,  indecl.,  seven. 

fossa,  ae,  f.,  ditch^  trench.  ubi,  where,  rel.  and  interr.  adv. 

EXERCISES. 

114.  1.  Eratis,  fuerat,  fuistis.      2.  Estis,  fuerimus,  fuerant. 

3.  Eritis,  erant,  fuere.  4.  Fuisti,  erimus,  eras.  5.  Eueras, 
fueris,  f ueritis.  6.  Ero,  erunt,  fuerint.  7.  EriS;  fueratis, 
erit.  8.  Sunt  meliores,  es  melior,  fuistis  optiiui.  9.  Era- 
mus  amici,  sumus  legatl.  10.  Agricola  fuerat,  agricolae 
sumus. 

115.  1.   Eossa  erat  ante  oppidum.        2.  Hi  legati  in  castris 
Caesaris  fuerant.       3.  Haec  civitas  quondam  fuerat  firmissima. 

4.  Hae  septem  legiones  in  Italia  erant.  5.  Quis  fuit  dux 
horum  militum?  6.  Caesar  et  Bibulus  consules  fuerunt. 
7.  Magna  erit  inopia  omnium  rerum.  8.  Ubi  fuistis  ?  9.  In 
oppido  Haeduorum  fuimus.  10.  Nondum  ibi  fueramus. 
11.  Ubi  pater  noster  fuit?  12.  Vos,  mllites,  qui  omnia 
pericula  vltatis,  ignavissimi  estis.  13.  In  illo  oppido  Bel- 
garum  nondum  fueratis. 


CHAPTEE  XYII. 


116. 


CONJUGATION  (Continued). 

SUBJUNCTIVE    OF  sum.^ 

Present. 


SINGULAR. 

sim,  may  I  be, 

sis,  be  thou,  mayest  thou  be^ 
sit,  let  him  be,  may  he  be  ; 

essem,  /  should  be, 
esses,  thou  wouldst  be, 
asset,  he  would  be  ; 

f uerim,  /  may  have  been, 
fueris,  thou  mayst  have  been, 
f  uerit,  he  may  have  been  ; 


PLURAL. 

simus,  let  us  be,  may  we  be, 
sitis,  be  ye,  may  you  be, 
sint,  let  them  be,  may  they  be. 

Imperfect. 

essemus,  we  should  be, 
essetis,  you  would  be, 
essent,  they  would  be. 

Perfect. 

fuerimus,  we  may  have  been^ 
f  ueritis,  you  may  have  been, 
fuerint,  they  may  have  been. 

Pluperfect. 
fuissem,  I  should  have  been,  fuissemus,  we  should  have  been, 

fuisses,  thou  wouldst  have  been,  fuissetis,  you  would  have  been, 

f uisset,  he  would  have  been  ;  f uissent,  they  would  have  been. 

Imperative. 
Pres.  es,  be  thou,  este,  be  ye, 

Fut.    esto,  thou  shall  be,  estote,  ye  shall  be, 

esto,  he  shall  be  ;  sunto,  they  shall  be. 

Infinitive.  Participle. 

Pres.  esse,  to  be, 
Perf.  f  uisse,  to  have  been. 
Fut.    futurus  esse,2  to  be  about tobe.        Fut.    futurus,^  about  to  be. 

1  The  meanings  of  the  different  tenses  of  the  Subjunctive  are  so  many  and 
so  varied,  particularly  in  subordinate  clauses,  that  no  attempt  can  be  made  to 
give  them  here.    For  fuller  information  the  pupil  is  referred  to  the  Syntax. 

2  For  futurus  esse  the  form  fore  is  often  used. 
8  Declined  like  bonus,  -a,  -um. 

48 


Conjugation  of  sum.  49 

117.  VOCABULARY. 

amicitia,  ae,  i.^  friendship,  felix,gen.felicis,/or^w?ia^e,^app?/. 

beatus,  a,  um,  happy.  inter,  among,  between,  prep,  with 
brevis,  e,  short,  brief.  ace. 

civis,    civis,    c,    citizen,   fellow      lex,  legis,  f.,  law. 

citizen.  perpetuus,  a,  um,  perpetual, 

Clemens,  gen.  entis,  merciful.  puer,  pueri,  m.,  boy. 

contentus,  a,  um,  contented.  sub,  under,  prep,  with  abl. 


EXERCISES. 

118.  1.  Fuisse,  futtirus  esse.  2.  Sit,  sitis.  3.  Euisset, 
fuissemus.       4.   Es,  esto,  sunto.        5.   Esses,  essetis,  esseinus. 

6.  Simus,  essent,  esse,  futurus.  7,  Contentus  fuisset,  sit 
felix,  sint  felices.  8.  Este,  esset,  estote.  9.  Euissetis 
beati,  fuisset  beatus.         10.   Essem,  fuisses,  sis. 

119.  1.  Sint  mei  cives  incolumes,  sint  beati.  2.  Felices 
simus.  3.  Sub  hoc  imperatore  content!  fuissemus.  4.  Leges 
breves  sunto.        5.    Es  bonus  imperator.        6.   Esto  clemens. 

7.  Este  fortes  milites.  8.  Hi  pueri  futtiri  sunt  adulescentes. 
9.  Inter  nos  sit  amicitia  perpetua.  10.  Sine  his  laboribus 
milites  fortiores  fuissent.       11.   In  alio  oppido  felicior  fuisses. 


CHAPTER    XVIII. 


FIRST 

(OR 

a-)   CONJUGATION.— 

ACTIVE 

VOICE. 

Amo, 

I  love. 

Principal  Parts. 

Pres.  Ind. 

Pres.  Inf. 

Perf.  Ind. 

Pbbf. 

Pass.  Partio. 

amo 

amare 

amavi 

amatus 

120. 


Indicative  Mood. 
Present  Tense. 

PLURAL. 

amamus,  we  love, 
amStis,  you  love, 
amant,  they  love. 

Imperfect. 
amabam,  I  was  loving,  I  loved,  amabamus,  we  were  loving,  etc., 

amabas,  you  were  loving,  etc.,  amabatis,  you  were  loving,  etc., 

amabat,  he  was  loving,  etc, ; 


SINGULAR. 

amo,  /  love, 
amas,  you  love, 
amat,  he  loves; 


amabo,  I  shall  love, 
amabis,  you  will  love, 
amabit,  he  will  love  ; 

amavi,  /  have  loved,  I  loved, 
amavisti,    you    have    loved, 

loved, 
amavit,  he  has  loved,  he  loved; 


amabant,  they  were  loving,  etc. 

Future. 

amSbimus,  we  shall  love, 
amabitis,  you  will  love, 
amabunt,  they  will  love. 

Perfect. 

amavimus,  we  have  loved,  we  loved, 
you  amavistis,  you  have  loved,  you 
loved, 

amaverunt,  -ere,  they  have  loved, 


Pluperfect.  ^^'V  ''"'«'^- 

amaveram,  /  had  loved,  amaveramus,  we  had  loved, 

amaveras,  you  had  loved,  amaveratis,  you  had  loved, 

amaverat,  he  had  loved  ;  amaverant,  they  had  loved. 

Future  Perfect. 
amavero,  /  shall  have  loved,  amaverimus,  we  shall  have  loved, 

amaveris,  you  will  have  loved,  amaveritis,  you  will  have  loved, 

amaverit,  he  will  have  loved;  amaverint,  they  will  have  loved, 

60 


Active  of  amo,  51 

1.  Verb  Stems.  Observe  that  the  Present,  Imperfect,  and  Future 
are  formed  by  adding  the  proper  endings  to  one  and  the  same  stem, 
am-.  This  is  called  the  Present  Stem.  Similarly  the  Perfect,  Plu- 
perfect, and  Future  Perfect  are  formed  from  the  stem  amav-.  This 
is  called  the  Perfect  Stem. 

121.  VOCABULARY. 

animus,  i,  m.,  mind.  jam,  adv.,  already. 

Ariovistus,  i,  m.,  Ariovistus^  king  jugum,  i,  n.,  yoke  ;  ridge  (of  moun- 

of  the  Germans.  tains). 

classis,  is,  i.,  fleet.  litus,  oris,  n.,  shore. 

consilium,  i  (ii),  n.,  pZan.  locus,    i,    m.,    place  \    pi.     loca, 
e,  ex,  from^  out  o/,  prep,  with  abl.  ;  orum,  n. 

ex  must  be  used  before  vowels  navis,  is,  f.,  sMpf  boat. 

or  h.  pars,  partis,  f.,  part,  side. 

gens,  gentis,  f.,  tribe.  saepe,  adv.,  often. 

EXERCISES. 

122.  1.  Laudabimus,  laudavistis.  2.  Laudaverant,  lauda- 
bat,  laudabit.  3.  Judicavimus,  judicaverimus,  judicaveras. 
4.  Superabit,  superabas.  5.  Occupant,  occupaverunt. 
6.  Laudavit,  laudabamus,  laudaverant.  7.  Occupabitis, 
occupabatis,  occupabis.  8.  Collocavisti,  collocaveras,  col- 
locaveris.         9.    Superabunt,  snperaverimus,  superavero. 

123.  1.  Ariovistus  castra  minora  oppugnabat.  2.  Hunc  lo- 
cum ex  duabus  partibus  oppugnaverunt.  3.  Naves  et  remiges 
parabimus.  4.  Omnia  litora  classibus  occupavit.  5.  Timor 
animos  omnium  occupaverat.  6.  In  summo  jugo  montis 
duas  legiones  collocavimus.  7.  De  bello  vos  ipsi  judicabitis. 
8.  Has  gentes,  milites,  jam  saepe  super avistis.  9.  Legiones 
in  proelio  dimicabant.  10.  Quis  hoc  consilium  probabit? 
11.  Caesar  pltirima  jumenta  jam  paraverat.  12.  Has  quinque 
legiones  in  eo  loco  collocabimus.  13.  Pacem  et  amicitiam 
cum  his  civitatibus  nondum  confirmavimus. 


S2  First  Conjugation.  —  Active   Voice. 

A  Dangerous  Wedding. 

SoP  quondam  uxorem  dticere  ^  Tolebat.^  Eanae  ad  sidera  cla- 
iBorem  tollunt.*  Juppiter  causam  querelae  quaerit.^  "  Nunc/' 
inquiunt,^  "tinus  sol  omnes  lactis  extirit;^  quid  futurum  est,  si 
liberos  creabit  ? '' 


1  In  the  passages  of  continuous  narrative,  the  pupil  will  consult  the  General 
Vocabulary  at  the  end  of  the  book  for  words  that  have  not  occurred  in  previ- 
ous lessons. 

2  uxorem  ducere :  lit.  to  lead  {i.e.  take)  a  wife  and  so,  to  marry. 
8  volebat :  unshed. 

^toUmrt:  roise. 

5  quaerit :  asks. 

sinquiunt:  they  say. 

7  ezurit :  biurns  up,  dries  up. 


CHAPTER   XIX. 


124. 


ACTIVE  OP  amo  (Contmned). 
Subjunctive. 


amtrem,  /  should  love, 
amares,  you  would  love, 
amaret,  he  would  love  ; 


Present, 
singular.  plural. 

amem,  may  I  love,  amemus,  let  us  love, 

ames,  may  you  love,  ametis,  love,  may  you  love, 

amet,  let  him  love,  may  he  love;  ament,  let  them  love,  may  they  love. 

Imperfect. 

amaremus,  we  should  hve^ 
amaretis,  you  would  love, 
amarent,  they  would  love. 
Perfect. 
amaverim,  I  may  have  loved,  amaverimus,  we  may  have  loved, 

amaveris,  you  may  have  loved,  amaveritis,  you  may  have  loved, 

amaverit,  he  may  have  loved  ;  amaverint,  they  may  have  loved. 

Pluperfect. 
amavissem,  I  should  have  loved,        amavissemus,  we  should  have  loved, 
amavisses,  you  would  have  loved,       aTnavissetis,  you  would  have  loved, 
amavisset,  he  would  have  loved ;        amavissent,  they  would  have  loved. 

Imperative. 


Pres.  ama,  love  thou; 
Fut,    amato,  thou  shall  love  ; 
auiatd,  he  shall  love; 

Infinitive. 

Pres.  amare,  to  love. 

Perf.  amavisse,  to  have  loved, 

Fut.    amaturus  esse,  to  he  about 

to  love, 
Genmd. 

Gen,  amandi,  of  loving, 

Dat.  amando,  for  loving, 

Ace,  amandum,  loving, 

AM.  amando,  by  loving. 


am  ate,  love  ye. 
amatote,  ye  shall  love. 
amantd;  they  shall  love. 

Participle. 
Pres,  amans,^  loving. 
(Gen.  amantis) 
Fut,  amaturus,  about  to  love. 

Supine. 


Ace.  amatum,  to  love, 

Abl,   amatu,  to  love,  he  loved. 


1  For  declension  of  amfins,  see  §  68,  prudens. 
63 


54  First  Conjugation.  —  Active   Voice. 

1.  Verb  Stems.  Observe  that  the  Present  and  Imperfect  Sul> 
junctive,  the  entu*e  Imperative,  the  Present  Infinitive,  Present  Parti- 
ciple, and  the  Gerund  are  formed  from  the  Present  Stem.  The 
Perfect  and  Pluperfect  Subjunctive,  along  with  the  Perfect  Infinitive, 
are  formed  from  the  Perfect  Stem.  The  Future  Participle,  Future 
Infinitive,  and  the  Supine  are  formed  from  a  third  stem  amat-,  known 
as  the  Participial  Stem. 

125.  VOCABULARY. 

arma,  5rum,  n.  pi.,  arms.  nunc,  now,  temporal  adv. 

bell6,i  I  make  war,  carry  on  war.  patria,  ae,  f .,  country,  fatherland. 

cupidus,  a,  um,  fond,  eager.  pedes,  itis,  m.,  foot-soldier ;  in 
hora,  ae,  f.,  hour.  pi.,  infantry. 

intra,  toithin,  prep,  with  ace.  planities,  ei,  f .,  plain. 

medius,  a,  um,  middle,  middle  of  tempto,  1, 1  attempt,  make  trial  of. 

multitude,  dinis,  f.,  multitude.  vadum,  i,  n.,  ford. 

EXERCISES. 

126.  1.   Para,  paranto.       2.  Paravisse,  parandi,  parando. 

3.  Bellare,  bellattirus  esse.  4.  Temptemus,  temptavissemus. 
5.  Laudato,  laudavisse,  laudavisset.  6.  Laudaturus,  laudans, 
laudent.  7.  Laudando,  laudaret,  lauda.  8.  Dimicandl, 
dimicavissent,  dimicent.       9.  Dimicate,  dimieans,  dimicavisse. 

127.  1.  Patriam  amemus!  2.  Hoc  oppidum  sine  ullo 
periculo    oppugnavissemus.  3.    Arma,     milites,     parate! 

4.  Caesar  vadum  htijus  fiuminis  temptare  parat.  5.  In 
media  planitie  nunc  dimicattiri  sumus.  6.  Helvetii  erant 
cupidi  bellandi.  7.  Intra  tinam  horam  classes  hostium 
superavissemus.  8.  Cum  magna  multittidine  peditum  oppi- 
dum oppugnare  parabat.  9.  Temptate,  milites,  ilium  collem 
occupare.  10.  Hae  duae  cohortes,  victoriam  sperantes, 
acriter  pugnabant. 

1  Verbs  of  the  First  Conjugation  are  so  regular  that  their  Principal  Parts 
are  not  given  in  full.  They  are  indicated  in  the  Vocabularies  by  the  figure  1, 
and  unless  otherwise  stated,  their  Principal  Parts  are  regularly  formed  in  -o, 
-fire,  -fiyi,  -fitus,  precisely  like  amo. 


CHAPTER   XX. 

FIRST    (OR   a)    CONJUGATION.— PASSIVE  VOICE. 
Amor,  /  am  loved. 


Pres.  Ind.          Pres. 

Inf.                 Perf.  Ind. 

Principal  Parts. 

—  amor            amari            amatus  sum 

8. 

Indicative  Mood. 

Present  Tense 

SINGULAR. 

I  am  loved. 

PLURAL. 

amor 

amamur 

amari8 

amamini 

amatur 

Imperfect. 
I  was  loved. 

amantur 

amSbar 

amabamur 

amabaris,  or 

-re 

amabamini 

amabatur 

Future. 
/  shall  be  loved. 

amabantur 

amabor 

amabimur 

amSberis,  or 

-re 

amabimini 

amabitur 

Perfect. 

amabuntur 

/  have  been  loved  or  /  was  loved. 

amatus  (-a,  -i 

iim) 

sum 

amati  (-ae,  -a)  sumus 

amatus  es 

amati  estis 

amatus  est 

Pluperfect. 
I  had  been  loved. 

amati  sunt 

amatus  eram 

amati  eramus 

amatus  eras 

amati  eratis 

amatus  erat 

amati  erant 

Future  Perfect. 

/  shall  have  been  loved. 

amatus  ero 

amati  erimus 

amatus  eris 

amati  eritis 

amatus  erit 

amati  erunt 

1.  Verb  Stems.  Observe  that  the  Present,  Imperfect,  and  Future  be- 
long to  the  Present  Stem,  the  remaining  tenses  to  the  Participial  Stem. 

55 


66  First  Conjugation, — Passive   Voice, 

129.  VOCABULARY. 

adventns,  us,  m. ,  arrival.  frustra,  adv. ,  in  vain, 

centum,  indecl.,  hundred.  funditor,  toris,  m.,  slinger. 

exspecto,  1,  I  expect.,  await.  postridie,  adv.,  on  the  next  day. 

finitiinuB,  a,  um,  neighboring,  poatulo,  1,  I  demand. 

frumentum,  i,  n.,  grain.  vulnero,  1,  I  wound, 

EXERCISES. 

130.  1.  Laudabor,  laudamini,  laudabuntur.  2.  Yocatus 
sum,  vocati  erant.  3.  Vulnerantur,  vulnerabamur.  4.  Ex- 
spectamur,  exspectabantur.  5.  Culpati  eramus,  culpati  erunt. 
6.  Exspectabitur,  exspectata  est,  exspectatae  erant.  7.  Laudati 
estis,  laudaberis,  laudamini.  8.  Superati  sumus,  superantur, 
superabor.         9.  Vulaeratur,  vulneratus  sum,  vulnerabimur. 

131.  1.  Eeliqua  pars  exercittis  f  rtistra  exspectabatur.  2.  Hi 
fortes  mllites  superati  sunt.  3.  Amicitia  cum  fmitimis  civi- 
tatibus  conflrmata^  erat.  4.  Centum  funditores  vulnerati 
sunt.  5.  Ertimentum  postulatur.  6.  Adventus  ejus  postridie 
nuntiatus  est.  7.  Naves  et  remiges  parabuntur.  8.  Hae 
copiae  armatae^  sunt.          9.   Haec  oppida  oppugnata^  erant. 

10.  Haec    victoria    equitum    nostrorum    jam   nuntiata   erat. 

11.  Copiae  et  f  rumen  turn  f  rtistra  parabantur.  12.  Omnes 
feraces  agri  Gallorum  jam  vastati  erant.  13.  Illae  gentes 
finitimae  superatae  erunt. 

Old  Roman  Virtue. 
Curius,  homo  singularis  virtutis,  ad  focum   sedebat,^  cum 
legati  Samnitium  magnum  pondus  auri  ei  afferebant.^     Sed 
Curius  eos  repudiavit.     "  Aurum,''  inquit,^  nolo  habere ;  ^  malo  ® 
eis  imperare,^  qui  habent.^ 

1  Observe  that  in  the  compound  tenses  of  the  Passive  the  Participle  agrees 
in  Gender  and  Number  with  its  subject,  preciselv  like  an  adjective. 

2  sedebat :  was  sitting.  6  malo :  I  prefer. 

8  aff erebant :  brought,  7  eis  imperare :  to  command  those, 

4  inquit :  said  he.  8  liabent :  have  {it),  viz.  gold. 

6  nolo  habere :  /  do  not  wish  to  have. 


CHAPTER  XXI. 
PASSIVE  OF  amd  (Continued). 

132.  Subjunctive. 

Present. 
May  I  he  loved,  let  him  be  loved. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

amer  amemur 

ameris,  or  -re  amemini 

ametur  amentur 
Imperfect. 

/  should  be  loved,  he  would  be  loved. 
amarer  amaremur 

amargris,  or  -re  amaremini 

amaretur  amarentur 

Perfect. 

I  may  have  been  loved. 
amatus  sim  amatl  simus 

amatus  sis  amafi  sitis 

amatus  sit  amati  sint 

Pluperfect. 

/  should  have  been  loved,  he  would  have  been  loved. 
amatus  essem  amati  essemua 

amatus  esses  amati  essetis 

amatus  esset  amati  assent 

Imperative. 
Pres.  amare,  be  thou  loved ;  amamini,  be  ye  loved. 

Fut.    amator,  thou  shalt  be  loved, 

amator,  he  shall  be  loved ;  amantor,  they  shall  be  loved. 

Infinitive.  Participle. 

Pres.  amari,  to  be  loved. 

Per/,  amatus  esse,  to  have  been  Per/.  amatus,  loved,  having 

loved.  been  loved. 

Fut.    amatum  iri,  to  be  about  to  Gerundive  amandus,  to  be  loved, 

be  loved.  deserving  to  be  loved. 

67 


58  First  Conjugation,  —  Passive   Voice. 

1.  Verb  Stems.  Observe  that  the  Present  and  Imperfect  Subjunc- 
tive, the  entire  Imperative,  the  Present  Infinitive,  and  the  Gerundive 
belong  to  the  Present  Stem,  the  remaining  forms  to  the  Participial 
Stem.     The  Perfect  Stem  is  not  represented  in  the  Passive. 


133.  VOCABULARY. 

castellum,  i,  n.,/or«.  existimo,  1,  I  thinks  consider. 

convoco,  1,  I  call  together.  exitium,  i  (ii),  n.,  destruction. 

dnigentia,  ae,  f.,  diligence.  expugno,  1,  I  take  by  storm. 

equus,  1,  m,,  horse.  non,  not. 

excito,  1,  I  stir  up.,  rouse.  statim,  at  once,  immediately. 

exercitus,  us,  m.,  army.  templum,  i,  n.,  temple, 
vix,  scarcely,  with  difficulty. 


EXERCISES. 

134.  1.  Laudetur,  laudemur,  culpentur.  2.  Laudatus  es- 
set,  laudati  essemus.  3.  Excitari,  excitatus  esse,  superandus. 
4.  Convocatus,  culpatus.  5.  Superati  essemus,  culpati  essent. 
6.  Parari,  parandus.  7.  Collis  occupetur,  collis  occupatus 
esset.  8.  Vocatus  essem,  vocati  essetis,  vocata  esset.  9.  Vo- 
centur,  vocatus,  vocatus  esse.  10.  Existimari,  existimandus, 
existimetur. 

135.  1.  Arma  et  equi  statim  parentur.  2.  Magnae  classes 
summa  diligentia  parandae  sunt.  3.  Hi  hostes  non  una  legione 
superati  essent.  4.  Sine  nobis  hoc  castellum  vix  expugnatum 
esset.  5.  Senatus  in  hoc  templum  convocetur.  6.  Sine  te 
hae  magnae  copiae  non  paratae  essent.  7.  Diligentia  militum 
nostrorum  laudetur.  8.  Hi  milites  vix  laudati  essent.  9.  Sine 
auxilio  nostro  facile  superati  essetis.  10.  Omnes  portae  sunt 
oppugnandae.  11.  Maximus  numerus  navium  statim  paretur. 
12.  Hae  legiones  in  eo  loco  coUocandae  sunt.  13.  Exitium 
hujus  exercitus  vitandum  est. 


Review,  59 


REVIEW. 


1.  Maximi  exercittis  summa  diligentia  parati  sunt.  2.  Haec 
castella  hostium  jam  expugnata  erant.  3.  Haec  oppida 
statim  oppugnabuntur.  4.  Adventus  legatorum  nuntiabitur. 
5.  Timor  animos  peditum  ignavorum  occupaverat.  6.  Hae 
gentes,  milites,  jam  saepe  superatae  sunt.  7.  Cohortes  proelio 
dimicabunt.  8.  Quis  fuit  dux  harum  copiarum  ?  9.  Caesar 
prmcipes  etij usque  civitatis  ad  se  vocavit.  10.  Hae  pulchrae 
urbes   nos    delectant.  11.    Adventum    tuum    exspectabo. 

12.  Arma  et  frtimentum  parabantur.         13.  Amid  nostri  sunt 
vocandi. 


CHAPTER   XXII. 

SECOND  (OR  e)  CON  JUG  ATION.  —  ACTIVE  VOICE. 

Moneo,  I  advise. 
Principal  Parts. 

Pres.  Ind.  Pres.  Inf.  Perf.  Ind.  Perf.  Pass.  Partic. 

moneo  monere  monul  monitus 

136.  Indicative  Mood. 

Present  Tense.     /  advise. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

moneo  monemus 

mones  monetis 

monet  monent 

Imperfect.  I  was  advising,  or  /  advised. 
monebam  monebamus 

monebas  monebatis 

monebat  monebant 

Future.  I  shall  advise. 
monebo  monebimus 

mouebis  monebitis 

monebit  monebunt 

Perfect.  I  have  advised,  or  /  advised. 
monui  monuimus 

monuistj  monuistis 

monuit  monuerunt,  or  -ere 

Pluperfect.  7  had  advised. 
monueram  .  monueramus 

monueras  monueratis 

monuerat  monuerant 

Future  Perfect.     /  shall  have  advised. 
monuero  monuerimus 

monueris  monueritis 

monuerit  mouuerint 

60 


Active  of  moneo. 


61 


137. 


Present.    May  I  advise^  let  him  advise. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

moueam  moneamus 

moneas  moneatis 

moneat  moneant 

Imperfect.  /  should  advise,  he  ivould  advise, 
monerem  moneremus 

monerea  monergtis 

moneret  monerent 

Perfect.  /  may  have  advised. 
monuerim  monuerimus 

monueris  mouueritis 

monuerit  momierint 

Pluperfect.     /  should  have  advised,  he  would  have  advised, 
monuissem  monnissemus 

monuisses  monuissetis 

monuiaset  monuissent 

Imperative. 


Pres.  mong,  advise  thou ; 
Fut,    monetOy  thou  shalt  advise, 
mongto,  he  shall  advise  ; 

Iniiziitive. 
Pres.  monere,  to  advise, 
Perf.  monuisse,  to  have  advised. 
Fut.    moniturus  ease,  to  he  about 
to  advise. 
Gerund. 
Gen.   monendi,  of  advising, 
Dat.    monendo,  for  advising. 
Ace.    Tttonendum,  advising, 
Ahl.    monendo,  hy  advising. 


monete,  advise  ye. 
monetote,  ye  shall  advise. 
monento,  they  shall  advise. 

Participle. 
Pres.  monSns,  advising. 
(Gen.  monentis.) 
Fut.    moniturus,  about  to  advise. 

Supine. 


Ace.    monitum,  to  advise, 

Abl.    monitu,  to  advise,  be  advised. 


1.  Verb  Stems.  The  Present,  Perfect,  and  Participial  Stems  in- 
clude the  same  moods  and  tenses  in  the  Second,  Third,  and  Fourth 
Conjugations  as  in  the  First. 


62  Second  Conjugation,  —  Active   Voice, 

138.  VOCABULARY. 

angustus,  a,  um,  narrow.  militaris,  e,  military. 

debeo,  ere,  ui,  itus,  /  owe ;  with  moveo,    ere,    movi,    motus,    / 

an  infinitive,  /  ought.  move. 

deus,  1,  m.,  god.  prohibeo,  ere,  ui,  itus,  /  keep  off, 
equitatus,  us,  m.,  cavalry.  keep  away  (tr.). 

finis,  is,  m.,   end,   boundary;  in  «i^iivan,\,i\.y  sign,  standard. 

pi.,  territory.  sustineo,  ere,  sustinui,  /  with- 
fortiter,  bravely.  stand. 

habeo,  ere,  ui,  itus,  1  have,  pos-  timeo,  ere,  ui,' / /ear. 

sess.  video,  ere,  vidi,  visus,  I  see. 
maneo,   ere,  mansi,  mansurus,^ 

/  remain. 

EXERCISES. 

139.  1.  Habebimus,  habuimus,  habeamus.  2.  Sustinu- 
istis,  sustinuerat.  3.  Timebat,  timebit,  timeant.  4.  Yidit, 
viderat.  5.  Mansisti,  manseras,  manseris.  6.  Mansit, 
manemus,  mansisse.  7.  Prohibuit,  prohibuistis,  probibebit, 
prohibeamus.  8.  Habe,  habitiirus,  habeat.  9.  Vidisti, 
videramus,  vidimus,  viderunt. 

140.  1.  Hae  civitates  in  amicitia  Haeduorum  manserant. 
2.  Helvetii  fines  angustos  habebant.  3.  Hostes  signa  mili- 
taria  jam  viderant.  4.  Impetum  equitatus  nostri  fortiter 
sustinuerunt.  5.  Helvetii  ex  eo  loco  castra  movent.  6.  Quis 
eos  timebit  ?  7.  Hostes  prohibere  debemus.  8.  Dei  hostes 
prohibeant !  9.  Hostes  prohibete  !  10.  Magnum  numerum 
equitum  et  peditum  habebimus.  11.  In  hoc  oppido  manebi- 
mus.  12.  Quis  locum  videt  quem  hostes  occupaverunt  ? 
13.   Eosdem  amicos  habemus  et  habuimus. 

1  See  p.  45,  footnote. 


CHAPTER    XXIII. 

SECOND  (OR   e-)  CONJUGATION.  —  PASSIVE  VOICE. 
Moneor,  /  am  advised. 


Pees.  Ind. 

Principal  Parts.  —  moneor 


Pres.  Inf. 
moneri 


Pekf.  Ind. 

monituB  sum 


141. 


SINGULAR. 

moneor 
moneris 
monetur 

monebar 
monebaris,  or  -re 
monebatur 


monebor 
moneberis,  or  -re 
monebitur 

I  have 
monitus  sum 
monitus  es 
monitus  est 


monitus  eram 
monitus  eras 
monitus  erat 


Indicative  Mood. 

Present  Tense. 

/  am  advised.  plural. 

monemur 
monemini 
monentur 

monSbamur 
monebamini 
monebantur 

monebimur 
monebimini 
monebuntur 
Perfect. 

heen  advised,  I  was  advised. 

moniti  sumus 


Imperfect. 
/  was  advised. 


Future. 
/  shall  he  advised. 


Pluperfect. 
/  had  heen  advised. 


moniti  estis 
moniti  sunt 


moniti  eramus 
moniti  eratis 
moniti  erant 


monitus  ero 
monitus  eris 
monitus  erit 


Future  Perfect. 
'  shall  have  heen  advised. 


63 


moniti  erimus 
moniti  eritis 
moniti  erunt 


64  Second  Conjugation.  —  Passive   Voice, 

142.  Subjunctive. 

Present. 
May  I  be  advised,  let  him  be  advised. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

monear  moneamur 

monearis,  or  -re  moneaminx 

moneStur  moneantur 

Imperfect. 

7  should  be  advised,  he  would  be  advised. 

monerer  moneremur 

monerSris,  or  -re  moTiereminf 

moneretur  monSrentur 

Perfect. 

/  may  have  been  advised, 

mouitus  sim  moniti  simus 

monitufl  sis  moniti  sitis 

monitus  sit  moniti  sint 

Pluperfect. 

I  should  have  been  advised,  he  would  have  been  advised. 

monitus  essem  moniti  essgrntra 

monitus  essSs  moniti  ess©tis 

monitus  esset  moniti  essent 

Imperative. 

Pres.  monere,  be  thou  advised ;  monemini,  be  ye  advised. 

Fut,    monStor,  ihou  shall  be  ad- 
vised, 
monetor,  he  shall  be  advised;     monentor,  they  shall  be  advised. 

Infinitive.  Participle. 

Pres.  moneri,  to  be  advised, 

Perf.  monitus  esse,  to  have  been  Perf.            monitus,  advised, 

advised.  Gerundive  monendus,    to   be   ad- 

Fut.    monitum  vtt,  to  be  about  to  vised,  deserving  to  be 

be  advised.  advised. 


Second  Conjugation,  —  Passive  Voice.  65 

143.  VOCABULARY. 

admodum,  quite^  very  much.  imber,  imbris,  m.,  rainstorm, 

aequus,  a,  um,  level.  moved,  ere,  movi,  motus,  / 
apertus,  a,  um,  open.         {crease.  move  ;  touch,  affect. 

augeo,  ere,  auxi,  auctus,  /  in-  perterreo,  ere,  ui,  itus,  /  terrify. 

barbarus,  a,  um,   barbarian;  as  suspicio,  onis,  f .,  swsp^cion. 

noun,  m.,  a  barbarian.  teneo,  ere,  ui,  I  hold. 

celeriter,  quickly.  vetus,  gen.  veteris,  old. 

compled,  ere,  evi,  etus,  I  fill  up.  videor,  eri,  visus  smn  (passive 
contineo,  ere,  ui,  I  confine.  of  video),  be  seen;  seem. 

EXERCISES. 

144.  1.  Movetur,  movebantur.  2.  Perterrentur,  perterre- 
bantur,   perterriti  erant.  3.    Contineatur,    continebuntur. 

4.  Yideri,  vIsus  esse,  videndus.  5.  Augeri,  auctus  esse. 
6.  Yisus  est,  visae  erant,  visi  sunt.  7.  Timere  videntur, 
timere  videbatur,  timere  visa  est.  8.  Prohibebamur,  pro- 
hibit! sumus,  probibita  erat.     9.   Probibeantur,  prohiberi. 

145.  1.  Milites  in  castrls  iinbribus  continebantur.  2.  Bar- 
bari  admodum  perterriti  sunt.  *  3.  Equites  hostium  in  aequo 
loco  visi  sunt.       4.  Memoria  nostrae  veteris  amicitiae  movebar. 

5.  Suspiciones  Gallorum  augebantur.  6.  Agri  nostri  vastari 
non  debent.  7.  Equites  nostri  illud  oppidum  expugnavisse 
videntur.  8.  Fossae  celeriter  complebuntur.  9.  Loca 
aperta  tenebantur.         10.  Tim  ores  nostri  aucti  sunt. 

The  Death  of  Epaminondas. 

Epaminondas  Lacedaemonios  apud  Mantineam  vicit,^  sed 
ipse  hasta  vulneratus  est.  Primum  rogavit  num  clipeus  esset  ^ 
salvus.  Amici  responderunt,  "Salvus  est."  Deinde  rogavit 
num  hostes  f usi  essent.^  Ubi  hoc  audivit,*  jussit  bastam  evelli  ^ 
qua  transfixus^  erat,  atqiie  laetus  in  victoria  mortuus  est.'^ 

1  vicit :  conqueredf  was  victorious  over.  ^  evelli :  to  he  pulled  out. 

^  esset :  was.  6  trSnsfixus  erat :  had  been  pierced. 

-8  fiisi  essent :  had  been  routed.  7  mortuus  est :  he  expired. 

-*  audivit :  heard. 


CHAPTER    XXIV. 

THIRD   (OH   CONSONANT)   CONJUGATION.  —  ACTIVE 

VOICE. 


146. 


Reg5,  /  rule. 

Pees.  Ind.        Pres.  Inf. 

Perf.  Ind.    Perf.  Pass.  Partig 

PAL  Parts. 

—  rego           regere 

Indicative  Mood. 
Present  Tense. 

rexi             rectus 

SINGULAR. 

/  rule. 

PLURAL. 

rego 

regimus 

regis 

regitis 

regit 

Imperfect. 

regunt 

I  loas  ruling,  or  /  ruled. 

regSbam 

regebamus 

regebas 

regebatis 

regebat 

Future. 
/  shall  rule. 

regebant 

regam 

regemus 

reges 

regetis 

reget 

Perfect. 

regent 

/  have  ruled,  or  /  ruled. 

rexi 

reximus 

rexisti 

rexistis 

rexit 

rexerunt,  or  -gre 

Pluperfect. 

•-,,.  -.=.— 

I  had  ruled. 

rexeram 

rexeramus 

rexeras 

rexeratis 

rexerat 

Future  Perfect. 
/  shall  have  ruled. 

rexerant 

rexero 

rexerimus 

rexeris 

rexeritis 

rexerit 

^ 

rexerint 

66 


Active  of  rego. 


67 


147. 


Subjunctive. 

Present. 

May  I  ruley  let  him  rule. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

regam 

regamus 

regas 

regatis 

regat 

Imperfect. 

regant 

/  should  rule,  he  would  rule. 

regerem 

regeremus 

regeres 

regeretis 

regeret 

Perfect. 

/  may  have  ruled. 

regerent 

rexerim 

rexerimus 

rexeris 

rexeritis 

rexerit 

rexerint 

Pluperfect. 

I  should  have  rifled,  he  would  have  ruled. 

rexissem  rexissemus 

rexisses  rexissetis 

rexisset  rexissent 

Imperative. 


Pres.    rege,  rule  thou; 
Fut.      regito,  thou  shalt  rule, 
regito,  he  shall  rule; 


regite,  rule  ye. 
regitote,  ye  shall  rule. 
regunto,  they  shall  rule. 


Infinitive. 

Participle. 

Pres. 

regere,  to  rule.  ■ 

Pres. 

regens,  ruling. 

Per/. 

rexisse,  to  have  ruled. 

(Gen.  regentis.) 

Fut. 

recturus  esse,  to  he  about 
to  rule. 

Fut. 

recturus,  about  to  rule. 

Gerund. 

Supine. 

Gen. 

regendi,  of  ruling, 

Dat. 

regendo,  for  ruling, 

Ace. 

regendum,  ruling, 

Ace. 

rectum,  to  rule. 

All. 

regendo,  by  ruling. 

Abl. 

rectu,  to  rule,  be  ruled. 

1. 

Verb  Stems.     See  §  137, 1. 

68  Third  Conjugation,  —  Active    Voice, 

148.  VOCABULARY. 

auzilia,  orum,  n.,   pi.,    auxiliary  in,  into ;  prep,  with  ace. 

troops^  auxiliaries,  in,  on^  in,  prep,  with  abl.  of  place 
citerior,  ius,  adj.,  nearer^  hither,  where. 

committo,  ere,  misi,  missus,  I  instruo,  ere,  tixi,  uctus,  /  draw 

bring  together ;  with  proelium,  up,  arrange. 

to  join  battle.  iter,  itineris,  n.,  journey^  march. 

constitud,  ere,  ui,  utus,  I  decide,  litterae,  arum,  f.,  a  letter. 

determine.  mitto,  ere,  misi,  missus,  I  send. 

contends,   ere,^  tendi,   tentima,i  pono,  ere,  posui,  positus,  I  put, 

I  hurry,  hasten.  place,  establish. 

defends,    ere,    fendi,    fensus,    /  praesidium,  i  (ii),  n.,    garrison. 

defend.  prSvincia,  ae,  1,  province. 

gerS,  ere,  gessi,  gestus,  I  carry  on,  reducS,  ere,  duxi,  ductus,  /  lead 

'  perform  ;  with  bellum,  to  wage.  back. 

hic,  here,  at  this  place.  relinquS,    ere,    liqui,    lictus,    / 
Hispania,  ae,  1,  Spain.  leave,  leave  behind. 

EXERCISES. 

149.  1.  Mittebat,  mittent.  2.  Misit,  miseratis,  miserunt. 
S.  Eeliquisset,  reliquisse,  relinqnens.  4.  Instruxerat,  mstruxe- 
rimus.  5.  Posuimus,  posuerat,  ponant.  6.  Kelinquemus, 
reliquimus,  reliquisset.  7.  Defendat,  defendere,  defendite. 
8.    Defendunt,  defendeut,  defenderunt.         9.    Misisti,  mittat. 

150.  1.  Litteras  in  Hispaniam  citeriorem^  misit.  2.  In 
hanc  provinciam  magnis  itineribus  contendebat.  3.  Illas  pro- 
vincias  audacter  defendite.  4.  Galba  legiones  in  castra  redtix- 
erat.  5.  Caesar  aciem  in  medio  colle  instrtixit.  6.  Bellum 
gerere  constituimus.  7.  Proelium  committamus.  8.  Partem 
auxiliorum  ibi  reliquerat.  9.  Hic  praesidium  posuerunt. 
10.  Has  provincias  fortiter  defendemus.  11.  Quis  hos  lega- 
tes ad  senatum  misit  ?  12.  Copias  in  vicum  proximum  statim 
reducemus.  13.  Amicos  suos  relinquere  constituit.  14.  Cum 
multis  gentibus  provinciae  citerioris  bellum  geretis. 

1  In  the  case  of  intransitive  verbs,  the  Perfect  Passive  Participle  is  given 
in  the  neuter  form. 

2  That  is,  Spain  north  of  the  Ebro. 


CHAPTER   XXV. 


THIRD   CONJUGATION.  — PASSIVE   VOICE. 


Regor,  /  am  ruled. 


Pres.  Ind.             Pees,  Inf 

Pekf.  Ind. 

Principal  Parts. 

—  regor                regi 

rectus  sum 

51. 

Indicative  Mood. 
Present  Tense. 

SINGULAR. 

/  am  ruled. 

plural. 

regor 

regimur 

regeris 

regimini 

regitur 

Imperfect. 
/  was  ruled. 

reguntur 

regebar 

regebamur 

regebaris,  or 

-re 

regebamini 

regebatur 

Future. 
/  shall  be  ruled. 

regebantur 

regar 

regemur 

regeris,  or  -re 

regemini 

regetur 

Perfect. 

regentur 

I  have  been  ruled,  or  /  was  ruled. 

rectus  sum 

recti  sumus 

rectus  es 

recti  estis 

rectus  est 

Pluperfect. 
/  had  been  ruled. 

recti  sunt 

rectus  eram 

recti  eramus 

rectus  eras 

recti  eratis 

rectus  erat 

Future  Perfect. 
/  shall  have  been  ruled. 

recti  erant 

rectus  ero 

recti  erimua 

rectus  eris 

recti  eritis 

rectus  erit 

recti  erunt 

69 


70  Third  Conjugation. — Passive  Voice. 

152.  Subjunctive. 

Present. 
May  I  he  ruled,  let  Mm  "be  ruled. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL 

regar  regamur 

regaris,  or  -re  regamini 

regatur  regantur 

Imperfect. 

/  should  he  ruled,  he  would  he  ruled. 

regerer  regeremur 

regereris,  or  -re  regeremini 

regeretur  regerentur 

Perfect. 
/  may  have  heen  ruled, 
rectus  sim  recti  simus 

rectus  SIS  recti  sitis 

rectus  sit  recti  sint 

Pluperfect. 

/  should  have  been  ruled,  he  would  have  been  ruled. 

rectus  essem  recti  essemua 

rectus  esses  recti  essetis 

rectus  esset  recti  essent 

Imperative. 

Pres.  regere,  he  thou  ruled ;  regimini,  he  ye  ruled. 

Fut.    regitor,  thou  shalt  be  ruled, 

regitor,  he  shall  he  ruled  ;  reguntor,  they  shall  he  ruled. 

Infinitive.  Participle. 

Pres.  regi,  to  he  ruled. 

Perf.  rectus   esse,  to  have  heen        Perf.  rectus,  ruled. 

ruled.  Gerundive  regendus,  to  he  ruled, 

Fut.    rectum  iri,  to  he  about  to  deserving  to  he  ruled. 

he  ruled. 


Third  Conjugation.  —  Passive  Voice.  71 

163.  VOCABULARY. 

cogo,  ere,  coegi,  coactus, //orce,  instruo,  ere,  struxi,  stnictus,  1 

compel.  fit  out. 

contra,  againsty  prep,  with  ace.  longus,  a,  um,  long  ;  navis  longa, 
deduco,  ere,  duxi,  ductus,  /  lead  war-ship. 

away.  munitio,  onis,  f.,  fortification. 

ducenti,  ae,  a,  two  hundred.  qua,  where. 

duco,  ere,  duzi,  ductus,  /  lead.  superior,  ius,  higher. 

expeditus,  a,  um,  uneiicumbered,  trado,  ere,  didi,  ditus,  I  hand  over. 

light-armed.  turn,  then,  at  that  time, 

interea,  adv. ,  in  the  meanwhile.  ulterior,  ius,  farther. 

EXERCISES. 

154.  1.  Deducitur,  deduct!  erant.  2.  Cogimur,  coacti 
sumus.  3.  Ducantur,  ducti  essent,  ductus  esse.  4.  Mitte- 
mur,  mittentur,  missi  sumus.  5.  Relinquebamur,  relinque- 
batur,  relinquetur.  6.  Bellum  geretur,  bellum  geratur, 
bellum  gestum  est,  bellum  gestum  esset.  7.  Bella  gesta 
sunt,  bella  gerebantur,  bella  geruntur.         8.    Ducendus,  duel. 

155.  1.  Interea  castella  quoque  posita  sunt.  2.  Duae 
cohortes  ad  aliam  partem  mtinitionum  deducuntur.  3.  Veneti 
has  naves  relinquere  coguntur.  4.  Tres  legiones  in  Galliam 
ulteriorem^  missae  sunt,  qua  bellum  tum  gerebatur.  5.  Duae 
legiones  expeditae  contra  hostes  dticentur.  6.  Naves  longae 
omnibus  rebus  instrtictae  erant.  7.  In  locis  superioribus 
proelium  commissum  est". 

How  THE  Day  was  Saved. 
E6s^  in  angusto^  fuit.  Caesar,  qui  perlculum  vidit,  ipse  ad 
legionem  decurrit.  In  primam  aciem  procedit ;  scutum  tini  ex 
militibus  *  detrahit.  Centuriones  nominatim  appellans,  proelium 
redintegrat.  Tum  milites  audacius  pugnant ;  impetus  hostium 
tardatur;  magnus  numerus  eorum  cadit  atque  reliqui^  pelluntur. 

1  That  is,  Gaul  beyond  the  Alps.         *  uni  ex  militibus :  from  one  (lit.  to 

2  res :  the  situation.  one)  of  the  soldiers. 
*  in  angusto :  lit.  in  a  narrow        ^  reliqui :  the  rest. 

(p^ace),  i.  e.,  critical. 


CHAPTER   XXVI. 
FOURTH  (OR  »-)  CONJUGATION.— ACTIVE  VOICE. 


156. 


Audio,  /  hear. 

Principal  Parts. 

Pbe8.  Ind. 

Pees.  Inf.              Perf.  Ind 

Perf.  Pass.  Partic. 

audio 

audire              audivi 

Indicative  Mood. 
Present  Tense. 

auditus 

SINGULAR. 

/  hear. 

plural. 

audio 

audimus 

audis 

auditis 

audit 

Imperfect. 

audinnt 

/  was  hearing,  or  /  heard. 

audiebam 

audiebamus 

audiebas 

audiebatis 

audiebat 

Future. 
/  shall  hear. 

audiebant 

audiam 

audiemus 

audies 

audietis 

audiet 

Perfect. 

audient 

I  have  heard,  or  /  heard. 

audivi 

audivimus 

audivisti 

audivistis 

audivit 

Pluperfect. 
I  had  heard. 

audiverunt,  or  -ere 

audiveram 

audiveramus 

audiveras 

audiveratis 

audiverat 

Future  Perfect. 
/  shall  have  heard. 

audiverant 

audivero 

audiverimus 

audiveris 

audiveritis 

fiudiverit 

audiverint 

72 


Active  of  audio. 


73 


157. 

Subjunctive. 

Present. 

May  I  hear,  let  him  hear. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

audiam 

audiamus 

audias 

audiatis 

audiat 

audiant 
Imperfect. 

I  should  hear,  he  would  hear. 

audirem 

audiremus 

audires 

audiretis 

audiret 

audirent 
Perfect. 

audiverim 

/  may  have  heard. 

audiverimus 

audiveris 

audiveritis 

audiverit 

audiverint 
Pluperfect. 

/  should  have  heard,  he  would  have  heard. 

audivissem 

audi  viss  emus 

audivisses 

audivissetis 

audivisset 

audivissent 
Imperative. 

Pres.  audi,  hear  thou 

;     .                     audite,  hear  ye. 

FuL     audito,  thou  shalt  hear,             auditote,  ye  shall  hear, 

audits,  he  shall  hear;                audiunto,  they  shall  hear. 

Infinitive. 
Pres.  audire,  to  hear. 
Per/,  audivisse,  to  have  heard. 
Fut.     auditurus  esse,  to  he  about 
to  hear. 

Gerund. 


Participle. 

Pres.   audiens,  hearing. 
(Gen.  audientis.) 
Fut.     auditurus,  about  to  hear. 

Supine. 


Gen, 

audiendi,  of  hearing. 

Dat. 

audiendo,  for  hearing. 

Ace. 

audiendum,  hearing.                Ace. 

auditum,  to  hear. 

AM. 

audiendo,  by  hearing.               Abl. 

audita,  to  hear,  be  heard. 

1. 

Verb  Stems.     See  §  137,  1. 

74  Fourth  Conjugation,— Active   Voice, 

158.  VOCABULARY. 

agmen,  minis,  n.,  army  (on  the  munid,  Tre,  ivi,  itus,  I  fortify, 

march);  column.  nuntius,  i  (ii),  m.,  messenger. 

antea,  previously^  before.  occasio,  onis,  f.,  occasion^  oppor- 

convenio,     ire,    veni,    ventum,  tunity. 

come  together.  postea,  afterwards. 

eodem,  Sidy.,  to  the  same  place.  reperio,  ire,   repperi,   repertus, 

fama,  ae,  f.,  report.  I  discover. 

fere,  almost,  about,  practically.  undique,  adv.,  from  all  parts  or 


impedio,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  itus,  /  im- 
pede, hinder.  veniS,  ire,  veni,  ventum,  I  come, 
mora,  ae,  f.,  delay. 

EXERCISES. 

169.  1.  Venerat,  veniet,  veniat.  2.  Eepperimus,  repperera- 
mus.  3.  Mtiniverunt,  munient,  munivimus.  4.  Convenisse, 
impeditiirus  esse.  5.  Mtiniendo,  muni  vis  sent.  6.  Venire, 
veniendi,  venissem.  7.  Venietis,  venerunt,  veniebat.  8.  Ye- 
niamus,  venlte,  veneras.        9.  Mtiniebatis,  munivit,  miinivisse. 

160.  1.  Caesar  reliquas  copias  quae  nondum  convenerant 
exspectabat.  2.  Legati  fere  totius  Galliae  undique  conyeni- 
unt.  3.  Eodem  convenimus.  4.  Hos  nuntios  audiamus. 
5.  Haec  castra,  mllites,  sine  mora  munite.  6.  Hanc  famam 
antea  audiveramus.  7.  Equitatus  noster  agmen  hostium 
impediet.  8.    Non  facile  occasionem    postea   reperiemus. 

9.    Compltires   ntintii  venerunt.  10.    Ilium   altum   collem 

muniebatis.         11.  Nos  omnes  eodem  conveniamus.        12.  Ta- 
lem  occasionem   non   facile   repperissemus.  13.    Eeliquas 

legiones,  quae  hostes  impedlverant,  exspectabamus. 


CHAPTER   XXVII. 

FOURTH   CONJUGATION.— PASSIVE   VOICE. 

Audior,  I  am  heard. 


Pres.  Ind.              Pres.  Ini 

\                     Perf.  Ind. 

Principal  Parts.— 

audior              audiri 

auditus  sum 

161. 

Indicative  Mood. 

Present  Tense. 

' 

SINGULAR. 

I  am  heard. 

PLURAL. 

audior 

audimur 

audiris 

audimini 

auditur 

Imperfect. 
1  was  heard. 

audiuntur 

audiebar 

audiebamur 

audiebaris,  or  -re 

audiebamini 

audiebatur 

Future. 
/  shall  be  heard. 

audiebantur 

audiar 

audiemur 

audiSris,  or  -re 

audiemini 

audietur 

Perfect. 

audientur 

/  have  been  heard,  or  /  was 

heard. 

auditus  sum 

audit!  sumus 

auditus  es 

audit!  estis 

auditus  est 

Pluperfect. 
/  had  been  heard. 

audit!  sunt 

auditus  eram 

audit!  eramus 

auditus  eras 

audit!  eratis 

auditus  erat 

Future  Perfect. 

audit!  erant 

/  shall  have  been  heard 

t 

auditus  ero 

audit!  erimuB 

auditus  eris 

audit!  eritis 

auditus  erit 

audit!  erunt 

76 


76  Fourth  Conjugation,  —  Passive   Voice, 

162.  Subjunctive. 

Present. 

May  I  he  heard,  let  him  be  heard. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

audiar  audiamur 

audiaris,  or  -re  audiaminl 

audiatur  audiantur 

Imperfect. 

/  should  be  heard,  he  would  be  heard. 

audirer  audiremur 

audireris,  or  -re  audireminx 

audiretur  audirentur 

Perfect. 

/  may  have  been  heard. 
auditus  sim  audit!  simus 

auditus  sis  audit!  s!tis 

auditus  sit  audit!  sint 

Pluperfect. 

I  should  have  been  heard,  he  would  have  been  heard. 

auditus  essem  audit!  essemus 

auditus  esses  audit!  essetis 

auditus  esset  audit!  essent 

Imperative. 

Pres.   aud!re,  be  thou  heard  ;  aud!min!,  be  ye  heard. 

Fut.     auditor,  thou  shall  be  heard, 

auditor,  he  shall  be  heard;        audiuntor,  they  shall  be  heard. 

Infinitive.  Participle. 

Pres.   audiri,  to  be  heard. 

Perf.   auditus  esse,  to  have  been      Perf.  auditus,  heard. 

heard.  Gerundive  audiendus,  to  be  heard, 

Fut.     auditum  iri,  to  be  about  to  deserving  to  be  heard, 

be  heard. 


Fourth  Conjugation.  —  Passive   Voice.  77 

163.  VOCABULARY. 

angustiae,  arum,  f .  pL,  a  narrow  nihil,  indecl.  n.,  nothing, 

pass.  opus,  operis,  n.,  work,  fortifica' 
aqua,  ae,  f.,  water.  tion. 

captivus,  i,  m.,  captive.  paene,  almost,  nearly. 

circumvenio,  ire,  veni,  ventus,  poena,  ae,  f .,  punishment, 

I  surround.  procurro,  ere,  cucurri,  cursum, 
extra,  outside,  beyond,  prep,  with  I  run  forward. 

ace.  regio,  onis,  f.,  region. 

idoneus,  a,  um,  suitable.  simul,  together,  at  the  same  time, 

invenio,  ire,  veni,  ventus,  I  find,  temere,  rashly. 

come  upon.  vox,  v5cis,  1,  voice,  word, 
natura,  ae,  f.,  nature, 

EXERCISES. 

164.  1.  Invenitur,  inventus  erat.  2.  Impedimur,  impedie- 
batur,  impediri.  3.  Impeditus,  impediti  eramus.  4.  Inven- 
tus esse,  inveniendus.  5.  Invenietur,  invent!  erunt,  inventus 
esset.         6.  Urbs  munietur,  urbs  munita  erat,  urbs  mtinitur. 

7.  Urbes  muniebantur,  urbes  mtinitae  sunt,  urbes  mtiniantur. 

8.  Circumvenimur,  circum ventus  est,  circum ventus  esset,  cir- 
cumveniendus.  9.  Eeperietur,  repertus  esse,  repertus, 
reperti  sunt. 

165.  1.  Locus  idoneus,  natura  munitus,  repertus  est. 
2.  Nihil  de  poena  captivorum  auditum  erat.  3.  Pedites 
nostri  altittidine  aquae  impediebantur.  4.  Angustiis  impedie- 
mur.  5.  Castra  magnis  operibus  munita  sunt.  6.  Voces 
militum  siraul  a\idiebantur.  7.  Magna  copia  f  rumenti  in  his 
regionibus  inventa  est.  8.  Una  cohors,  quae  temere  extra 
aciem  procucurrerat,  paene  circum venta  est.  9.  Nihil  reperie- 
tur.  10.  Castra  majora  mtinienda  sunt.  11.  Altae  arbores 
in  hac  silva  inventae  sunt.  12.  Illud  oppidum  alta  fossa 
circumventum  est.  13.  Multae  voces  in  castris  auditae 
sunt. 


78  Fourth  Conjugation. 

HORATIUS    AT   THE    BbIDGE. 

Horatius  Codes  erat  vir  Eoinanus  f  ortissimus.  Etrusci  olim 
Eomam  capere  ^  temptabant ;  sed  ille  extremam  partem  pontis 
occupavit,  quern  Etrusci  oppugnabant,  atque  solus  totum  hos- 
tium  agmen  sustinuit.  Audacter  pugnavit  donee  ab  aliis 
Romanis  pons  a  tergo^  rescissus  est.^  Turn  armatus  se  in 
Tiberim  misit,  atque  incolumis  ad  suos*  transnavit.  Civitas 
erga  tantam  virttitem  grata  fuit ;  et  ei  tantum^  agri  donatum 
est,  quantum  ^  tino  die  circumarare  potuit/  Statua  quoque  ei  ^ 
in  Comitio  posita  est.® 

1  capere :  to  capture. 

2  S  tergo :  from  behind. 

8  rescissus  est :  from  rescindo. 

4  ad  suos:  lit.  to  hisown^  i.e.,  to  his  friends. 

6  tantum :  as  much. 
6 quantum:  as. 

7  potuit :  he  was  able, 

8  ei :  to  him,  in  his  honor, 
*  posita  est :  from  pdno. 


CHAPTER  XXVIII. 

VERBS   IN  -id  OF  THE  THIRD   CONJUGATION. 

166.  1.  Verbs  in  -io  of  the  Third  Conjugation  take  the 
endings  of  the  Fourth  Conjugation,  wherever  the  latter 
endings  have  two  successive  vowels.  This  occurs  only  in 
the  Present  System  (§  120,  1 ;  §  124,  1). 

167.  ACTIVE  VOICE.  — Capio,  I  take. 

Principal  Parts. 

Pre8.  Ind.  Pke8.  Inf.  Pbrf.  Ind.  Peef.  Pass.  Pabtio. 

capio,  cape^e,  cepi,  captus. 

Indicative  Mood. 
SINGULAR.  Present  Tense.  plural. 

capio,  capis,  capit;  capimus,  capitis,  capiunt. 

Imperfect. 
capiebam,  -iebas,  -iebat ;  capiebamus,  -iebatis,  -iebant. 

Future. 

capiam,  -ies,  -iet;  •  capiemus,  -ietis,  -lent. 

Perfect. 
cepi,  -istl,  -it ;  cepimus,  -istis,  -erunt,  or  -ere. 

Pluperfect. 
ceperam,  -eras,  -erat ;  ceperamus,  -eratis,  -erant. 

Future  Perfect. 

cepero,  -eris,  -erit ;  ceperimus,  -eritis,  -erint. 

79 


80  Verbs  in  'io  of  the  Third  Conjugation. 

Subjunctive. 
SINGULAR.  Present.  plural. 

capiam,  -ias,  -iat;  capiamus,  -iatis,  -iant. 

Imperfect, 
caperem,  -eres,  -eret ;  caperemus,  -eretis,  -erent. 

Perfect. 

ceperim,  -erls,  -erit ;  ceperimus,  -eritis,  -erint. 

Pluperfect. 

cepissem,  -isses,  -isset ;  cepissemus,  -issetis,  -issent. 

Imperative. 


Pres.  cape; 

capite. 

Put.    capito, 

capitote, 

capito ; 

capiunto. 

Infinitive. 

♦ 

Participle. 

Pres,  capere. 

Pres, 

.  capiens. 

Perf,  cepisse. 

Put.    capturus  esse. 

FuU 

capturus. 

Gerund. 

Supine. 

Gen.    capiendi, 

Dat.    capiendo, 

Ace.    capiendum, 

Ace. 

captum. 

A  hi.    capiendo. 

Ahl. 

captu. 

168.         PASSIVE  VOICE.  —  Capior,  I  am  taken. 

Pres.  Ind.  Pres.  Inf.  Pbrf.  Ind. 

Principal  Parts.  —  capior,  capi,  captus  sum. 

Indicative  Mood. 
Present  Tense. 
capior,  caperis,  capitur ;  capimur,  capimini,  capiuntur. 

Imperfect.  . 

capiebar,  -iebaris,  -iebatur ;     capiebamur,  -iebamini,  -iebantur. 


Verbs  in  -io  of  the  Third  Conjugation,  81 

SINGULAR.  Future.  plural. 

capiar,  -ieris,  -ietur ;  capiemur,  -iemini,  -ientur. 

Perfect. 

captus  sum,  es,  est ;  capti  sumus,  estis,  sunt. 

Pluperfect. 
captus  eram,  eras,  erat ;  capti  eramus,  eratis,  erant. 

Future  Perfect. 
captus  ero,  eris,  erit ;  capti  erimus,  eritis,  erunt. 

Subjunctive. 
Present. 
capiar,  -iaris,  -iatur ;  capiamur,  -iamini,  -iantur. 

Imperfect. 
caperer,  -ereris,  -eretur ;  caperemur,  -eremini,  -erentur. 

Perfect. 

captus  sim,  sis,  sit ;  capti  simus,  sitis,  sint. 

Pluperfect. 
captus  essem,  esses,  esset ;  capti  essemus,  essetis,  essent. 

Imperative. 

Pres,  capere;  capiminL 

Fut.    capitor, 

capitor;  capiuntor. 

Infinitive.  Participle. 

Pres.  capi. 

Per/,  captus  esse.  Pej-f.  captus. 

FuL    captum  iri.  Gerundive  capiendus. 


82 


Verbs  in  -io  of  the  Third   Conjugation. 


169. 


VOCABULARY. 


accipio,  ere,  cSpi,  ceptus,  /  re- 
ceive, 

capi5,  ere,  cepi,  captus,  I  take^ 
adopt;  capture. 

diripio,  ere,  ripui,  reptus,  / 
plunder. 

facio,  ere,  feci,  f actus,  /  make, 
do  ;  passive  irregular ;  see  §  193. 

filius,  i  (ii),  m.,  son, 

fugio,  ere,  fugi,  fugitunis,  I  flee. 

interficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus,  I  kill. 


libertas,  tatis,  f.,  liberty. 
majores,  um,  m.  pi.,  ancestors. 
mandatum,  i,  n.,  command,  order, 
nati5,  onic,  f.,  nation,  tribe, 
palus,  ludis,  f.,  marsh. 
pons,  pontis,  m.,  bridge, 
rez,  regis,  m.,  king. 
rursus,  again. 
subito,  suddenly. 
supplicium,   i    (ii),    n.,    torture^ 
punishment. 


EXERCISES. 

170.  1.  Accipiunt,  accipiebamus,  accipiamiis.  2.  Fugit, 
fugerant,  fugisse.  3.  Faciebat,  facient.  4.  Accipitur, 
accipietur,  acceptus  erat.  5.  Accipl,  accipiendus,  acceptus 
esset.  6.  Interfectus  est,  interficientur,  interfecta  erat. 
7.  Interfecerunt,  interficiendus,  interfeeisse.  8.  Accipiens, 
accipiendo,  accipis,  aceipietis. 

171.  1.  In  eo  fltimine  pontem  fecerat.  2.  Prmcipes  harum 
nationum  bellum  facient.  3.  Hostes  rursus  subito  impetum 
fecerunt.  4.  Libertatem  a  majoribus  accepimus.  5.  Haec 
mandata  accepta  erant.  6.  Duo  Mil  htijus  regis  capti  sunt. 
7.  Aliud  consilium  capiamus.  8.  Hostes  in  paludes  fugerunt. 
9.  Obsides  magnis  suppliciis  interfecti  sunt.  10.  Hoc  oppi- 
dum  diripiebatur.  11.  Filia  regis  capta  est.  12.  Ex  hoc 
oppido  magnum  numerum  jumentorum  diripuimus.  13.  Hic 
homo  interfici  debet. 


CHAPTER   XXIX. 

DEPONENT   VERBS. 

172.  Deponent  Verbs  have,  in  the  main,  Passive  forms 
with  Active  or  Neuter  meaning.     But  — 

d)  They  have  the  following  Active  forms :  Future  Infinitive, 
Present  and  Future  Participles,  Gerund,  and  Supine. 

li)  They  have  the  following  Passive  meanings:  always  in  the 
Gerundive,  and  sometimes  in  the  Perfect  Passive  Participle ; 
as, — 

sequendus,  to  he  followed;  adeptus,  having  been  attained. 

173.  Paradigms  of  Deponent  Verbs  are  — 

I.   Conjugation. 
miror,  xnirari,  miratus  sum,  admire, 

II.  Conjugation. 
vereor,  vereri,  veritus  sum,  fear, 

III.  Conjugation. 
sequor,  sequi,  secutus  sum,  follow, 

IV.  Conjugation. 
largior,  largiri,  largitus  sum,  give, 

III.  Conjugation  (in  -ior). 
patior,  pati,  passus  sum,  suffer. 


84 


Deponent   Verbs. 


Indicative  Mood. 


I. 

II. 

III. 

IV. 

III.  (in  -ior) 

Pres, 

miror 

vereor 

sequor 

largior 

patior 

miraris 

vereris 

sequeris 

largiris 

pateris 

miratur 

veretur 

sequitur 

largitur 

patitur 

miramur 

veremur 

sequimur 

largimur 

patimur 

miramini 

veremini 

sequimini 

largimini 

patimini 

mirantur 

verentur 

sequuntur 

largiuntur 

patiuntur 

Imp/. 

mirabar 

verebar 

sequebar 

largiebar 

patiebar 

Fut. 

mirabor 

verebor 

sequar 

largiar 

patiar 

Perf. 

miratus  sum 

veritus  sum 

secutus  sum 

largitus  sum 

passus  sum 

Plup. 

miratus  eram 

veritus  eram 

secutus  eram 

largitus  eram 

passus  eram 

F.P. 

miratus  ero 

veritus  ero 

secutus  ero 

largitus  ero 

passus  ero 

Subjunctive. 

Pres. 

mirer 

verear 

sequar 

largiar 

patiar 

Imp. 

mirarer 

vererer 

sequerer 

largirer 

paterer 

Perf. 

miratus  sim 

veritus  sim 

secutus  sim 

largitus  sim 

passus  sim 

Plup. 

miratus 

veritus 

secutus 

largitus 

passus 

Pres.  mirare 
Fut.    mirator 


verere 
veretor 


Imperative. 

sequere 
sequitor 


largire 
largitor 


patera 
patitor 


Pres.  mirari 
Perf.  miratus  esse 
Fut.    miraturus 

esse 


vereri 
veritus  esse 
veriturus 


Infinitive. 

sequi 

secutus  esse 
seciiturus 

esse 


largiri 
largitus  esse 
largiturus 


pati 

passus  esse 
passurus 

esse 


Pres.  mirans 
Fut.    miraturus 
Perf.  miratus 


verens 

veriturus 

veritus 


Participles. 

sequens 

seciiturus 

seciitus 


largiens  patiens 

largiturus         passurus 
largitus  passus 


Ger.    mirandus  verendus         sequendus        largiendus  patiendus 

Gerund. 

mirandi  verendi  sequendi  largiendi  patiendi 

mirando,  etc.    verendo,  etc.   sequendo,  etc.  largiendd,  etc.  patiendo,  etc. 

Supine, 

miratum,  -tu   veritum,  -tu    secutum,  -tu    largitum,  -tu  passum,  -su 


Deponent  Verbs.  85 

174.  VOCABULARY, 

adorior,  orirl,  ortus  sum,  7  a^^acA;.  nemo,  c,  no  one^  dat.,  nemim, 
audeo,    ere,    ausus    sum,   semi-  ace.  neminem ;    gen.  and  abl, 

dep.ji/dare.  not  used. 

coUoquor,  i,  locutus  sum,  /  con-  paulum,  adv.,  a  little. 

versG^  confer.  Pompejus,  ei,  in.,  Pompey. 

Conor,  ari,  atus  sum,  I  endeavor,  proficiscor,  i,  fectus  sum,  I  set 

attempt,  out. 

egredior,  i,  gressus  sum,  /  march  progredior,  i,  gressus  sum,  I  ad- 
out,  vance,  go  forward. 

insidiae,  arum,  f.  pi.,  ambush,  plot.  propter,  on  account  of  prep,  with 
Jura,  ae,  m.,  the  Jura,  chain  of  ace. 

mountains  on  west  of  Switzer-  resisto,  ere,  restiti,  I  resist. 

land.  revertor,  ti,  I  return. 

moror,   ari,   atus   sum,  I  tarry^  Rhodanus,  i,  m.,  the  Bhone. 

delay. 

EXERCISES. 

176.  1.  Audebimus,  ausi  erant,  ausus.  2.  Adoriebatur, 
adortus,  adortus  est.  3.  Progredimur^  progressus,  progredi- 
entur.  4.  Adoriendus,  morans,  coUocuti  eramus.  5.  Cona- 
bar,    conatus     sum.  6.    Moremur,     moramur,    moraminl. 

7.   Morata   est,   morata   esset,   morans.  8.    Moratus    esse, 

moratus,  morando.  9.  CollocutI  sumus,  colloquimur,  collo- 
quantur. 

176.  1.  Hostes  agmen  nostrum  ex  insidiis  adorti  sunt. 
2.  Nemo  resistere  ausus  est.  3.  Caesar  de  salute  communi 
cum  Pompejo  colloquebatur.  4.  Helve tii  ex  suis  finibus 
egressi  sunt.  5.  Inter  montem  Jtiram  et  flumen  Ehodanum 
iter  facere  conantur.  6.  Propter  has  causas  proficlscemur. 
7.  Hostes  non  diti  morati  sunt.  8.  Equites  paulum  pro- 
gress! revertuntur.  9.  Insidias  verebamur.  10.  In  hanc 
urbem  celeriter  revertentur.  11.  Hunc  collem  natura  muni- 
tum    defendere    conabimur.  12.    Natura    loci    exercitum 

morata  est. 

1  A  few  verbs  have  active  forms  in  the  Present  system,  but  passive  forms 
elsewhere.    These  are  called  semi-deponent. 


CHAPTER  XXX. 

PERIPHRASTIC   CONJUGATION. 

177.  There  are  two  Periphrastic  Conjugatio7is,  —  the 
Active  and  the  Passive.  The  Active  is  formed  by  com- 
bining the  Future  Active  Participle  with  the  auxiliary 
sum,  the  Passive  by  combining  the  Gerundive  with  the 
same  auxiliary. 

Active  Periphrastic  Conjugation.  —  Indicative  Mood. 

Pres.  amaturus  (-a,  -um)  sum,  I  am  about  to  love. 

Imp.  amaturus  eram,  I  was  about  to  love. 

Fut.  amaturus  ero,  I  shall  be  about  to  love. 

Perf.  amaturus  fui,  I  have  been  (was)  about  to  love. 

Plup.  amaturus  fueram,  I  had  been  about  to  love. 

Fut.  P.  amaturus  fuero,  /  shall  have  been  about  to  love. 

Subjunctive. 
Pres.       amaturus  sim,  may  I  be  about  to  love. 
Imp.        amaturus  essem,  I  should  be  about  to  love. 
Perf.       amaturus  fuerim,  I  may  have  been  about  to  love. 
Plup.      amaturus  fuissem,  /  should  have  been  about  to  love. 

Infinitive. 
Pres.       amaturus  esse,  to  be  about  to  love. 
Perf.       amaturus  fuisse,  to  have  been  about  to  love. 

Passive  Periphrastic  Conjugation.  —  Indicative  Mood. 

Pres.  amandus  (-a,  -um)  sum,  I  am  to  be  loved,  must  be  loved. 

Imp.  amandus  eram,  /  was  to  be  loved. 

Fut.  amandus  ero,  I  shall  deserve  to  be  loved. 

Perf.  amandus  fui,  I  loas  to  be  loved. 

Plup.  amandus  fueram,  I  had  deserved  to  be  loved. 

Fut.  P.  amandus  fuero,  I  shall  have  deserved  to  be  loved. 

Subjunctive. 
Pres.       amandus  sim,  may  I  deserve  to  be  loved. 
Imp.        amandus  essem,  I  should  deserve  to  be  loved. 
Perf.       amandus  fuerim,  I  may  have  deserved  to  be  loved. 
Plup.      amandus  fuissem,  I  should  have  deserved  to  be  loved. 

Infinitive. 
Pres.       amandus  esse,  to  deserve  to  be  loved. 
Perf.       amandus  fuisse,  to  have  deserved  to  be  loved. 
86 


Periphrastic  Conjugation,  87 

178.  VOCABULARY. 

caedes,  is,  f.,  slaughter.  libero,  1,  I  set  free. 

conserve,  1,  I  preserve.  loquor,  i,  locutus  sum,'7speaA;. 

dedo,  ere,  dedidi,  itus,  I  give  up,  post,  after,  prep,  with  ace. 

surrender.  recuso,  1,  I  refuse. 

fortuna,  ae,  f . ,  fortune,  tot,  so  many,  indecl. 

inoommodum,  i,  n.,  disaster.  vita,  ae,  f.,  life. 

EXERCISES. 

179.  1.  Liberattirus  eram,  liberattiri  eramus.  2.  Conser- 
vandus  est,  conservandi  fuerunt.  3.  Liberandi  sunt,  libe- 
randi  erunt.  4.  Locuttirus  fuit,  locuttiri  fuerant.  5.  Pro- 
f ecttirus  fui,  profecttiri  eramus,  profecttira  est.  6.  Tradendus 
est,  tradendi  sunt,  tradenda  est.  7.  Tradittirus  es,  tradittirus 
fuisti,  traditurl  fuerunt.          8.  Sequendus  est,  sequendi  erant. 

180.  1.  Equites  ex  castris  egressilri  sunt.  2.  Post  hoc 
proelium  se  dedituri  erant.  3.  ISTanc  cum  magna  caede 
dimicattirl  sunt.  4.  De  his  tot  incommodis  locuttirus  fuit. 
5.  Yitae  nosfcrae  et  fortunae  conservandae  sunt.  6.  Hae 
urbes  sunt  liberandae,  7.  Auxilium  non  est  recusandum.^ 
8.  Hostes  hoc  oppidum  direpttiri  erant.  9.  Haec  oppida 
non  diripienda  sunt.  10.  Hae  naves  longae  omnibus  rebus 
instruendae  sunt.  11.  De  magna  caede  hostium  locuttirus 
fill.         12.  Inter  nos  et  vos  amicitia  confirmanda  est. 

1  est  recusandum  =  recusandum  est ;  such  inversions  are  common. 


88  Review, 


REVIEW. 


1.  Mandata  regis  nondum  accepimus.  2.  Magnus  pons  in 
hoc  fltimine  faciendus  est.         3.  Debes  haec  castra  expugnare. 

4.  Equitatus   signa   vidit   quae    in    alto    colle    posita   erant. 

5.  Mane  in  hoc  loco !  6.  Proelium  in  loco  aperto  commise- 
runt.  7.  Susplcionem  timoris  vltare  debes.  8.  Dlligentiam 
nostram  augeamus !  9.  Praesidium  parvum  in  provincia 
ulteriore  positum  est.  10.  Hi  veteres  amlci  non  relinquendi 
sunt.  11.  Multae  naves  longae  instruentur.  12.  Hac 
f  ama  perterrebatur.  13.  Voces  captivorum  in  castris  auditae 
sunt. 

How  CoRviNus  Won  His  Name. 

Exercitus  Eomanus  adversus  Gallos  profectus  erat,  cum^ 
quldam  ex^  Gallis  tinum  ex^  Komanis  provocavit.  Turn 
Marcus  Valerius  se  obtulit^  et  processit  armatus  in  pugnam. 
Corvus  super  ejus  dextrum  bracchium  sedit,  et  alls  atque 
unguibus  oculos  Galli  verberabat.  Sic  superavit  Valerius  et 
a  corvo  nomen  Corvlnum  accepit. 

1  cum:  lohen. 

2  ex:  of. 

3  se  obtulit :  presented  himself. 


CHAPTER  XXXL 

IRREGULAR   VERBS. 

181.  A  number  of  Verbs  are  called  Irregular.  The  most 
important  are  sum,  do,  fero,  volo,  nolo,  malo,  eo,  fio.  The 
peculiarity  of  these  Verbs  is  that  they  append  the  personal 
endings  in  many  forms  directly  to  the  stem,  instead  of 
employing  a  connecting  vowel,  as  fer-s  (2d  Sing,  of  fer-6) 
instead  of  fer-is.  They  are  but  the  relics  of  what  was  once 
in  Latin  a  large  class  of  Verbs. 

182.  The  Inflection  of  sum  has  already  been  given.  Its  various 
compounds  are  inflected  in  the  same  way.     Examples  are  — 

absum  abesse  afui  am  absent 

Pres.  Partic,  absens  (absentis),  absent, 

adsum  adesse  adfui  am  present 

praesum  praeesse  praefui  am  in  charge  of 

Pres.  Partic.  praesens  (praesentis),  present. 

183.  Possum.  In  its  Present  System  possum  is  a  compound  of 
pot-  (for  pote,  able)  and  sum ;  potui  is  from  an  obsolete  potere. 


Principal  Parts. 

possum,              posse, 

potui,              to  he  able. 

Indicative  Mood. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

Pres.     possum,  potes,  potest ; 

possumus,  potestis,  possunt. 

Imp.       poteram ; 

poteramus. 

Fut.       potero ; 

poterimus. 

Perf.      potui ; 

potuimus. 

Plup.     potueram ; 

potueramus. 

Fut.  P.  potuero ; 

potuerimus. 

89 


90 


Irregular  Verbs, 


Subjunctive. 

SINGULAR. 

Pres,  possim,  possis,  possit ; 
Imp.   possem ; 
Perf.  potuerim; 
Plup.  potuissem; 


PLURAL. 

possimus,  possitis,  possint, 

possemus. 

potuerimus. 

potuissemus. 


Infinitive. 

Pres,  posse.     Perf.  potuisse. 

184.  Do,  I  give. 

Principal  Parts.  —  do,  dSre, 


Participle. 
Pi^es.  potens  (as  an  adjective'). 


dedi, 


d^tus. 


Active  Voice.  —  Indicative. 


Pres.  do,  das,  dat ; 

damns,  datis,  dant. 

Imp.    dabam,  etc. ; 

dabamus. 

Fut.    dabo,  etc. ; 

dabimus. 

Perf.  dedl; 

dedimus. 

Plup.  dederam; 

dederamus. 

F.P.  dedero; 

dederimus. 

Subjunctive. 

Pres.  dem; 

demus. 

Imp.    darem ; 

daremus. 

Perf  dederim; 

dederimus. 

Plup.  dedissem; 

dedissemus. 

Imperative. 

Pres.  da; 

date. 

Fut.    dato, 

datote, 

dato; 

danto. 

Infinitive. 

Participle. 

Pres.  dare. 

dans. 

Perf.  dedisse. 

Fut,    daturus  esse. 

daturus. 

Gerund.  Supine. 

dandi,  etc.  datum,  datu. 

1.   The  Passive  is  inflected  regularly  with  the  short  vowel, 
d^i,  d&tur,  d^batur,  d^Stur,  etc. 


Thus: 


Irregular   Verbs,  91 

185.  VOCABULARY. 

desum,  dSesse,  defui,  I  am  warit-  omnino,  adv.,  altogether, 

ing,  fail  pecunia,  ae,  f .,  money, 

excedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessurus,  /  potestas,  tatis,  f.,  power^  oppor- 

depart  from,  tunity. 

jus    jurandum ;    gen.    juris    ju-  publicus,  a,  um,  public, 

randi,  n.,  oath  (jus  and  juran-  sententia,  ae,  f.,  sentiment^  opin- 

dura  are  declined  separately).  ion. 

longe,  adv.,  far,  talis,  e,  such. 

negotium,  i  (ii),  n.,  business,  vulnus,  eris,  n.,  wound, 

EXERCISES. 

186.  1.  Potuerant,  potuisse,  potuissem.  2.  Dedisse,  dede- 
rant,  dent.-  3.  Adfuerunt,  adfuisse,  adsit.  4.  AfuivSse, 
afuissent,  aberunt.  5.  Dabatur,  dari;  dati  eraiit.  6.  Afui, 
afutiirus,  absens.  7.  Aderant,  adero,  adfuistl.  8.  PotuT, 
posse,  poterat.         9.   Potero,  potuero,  poterunt,   potuerint. 

187.  1.  Equites  et  naves  et  frumentum  Eomanis  dgerant. 
2.  Potestas  piignandi  non  dfierit.  3.  Pecunia  ptiblica  Pom- 
pejo  datur.  4.  Militibus  signum  dedit.  5.  Duces  nostri 
adfuerunt.  6.  Omnes  legati  qui  aderant  jus  jurandum 
dederunt.  7.  Hostes  non  longe  aberant.  8.  Tales  senten- 
tiae  probari  non  possunt.  9.  Hoc  negotium  nobis  dat. 
10.  Milites  qui  vulnera  acceperunt  ex  acie  excedere  non  pote- 
rant.        11.  Agros  harum  nationum  nobis  dedisti. 

The  Lamb  and  the  Wolf. 
Agnus  et  lupus  ad  eundem  rivum  veneranto  Lupus  stabat 
superior,  et  longe  inferior  agnus.  Turn  lupus,  ^^Cur'^  inquit 
"  turbulentam  ^  milii  fecisti  aquam?'^  At  agnus,^  "QuI^  pos- 
sum id  facere?  Aqua  a  te  ad  me  decurrit."  Sic  repulsus 
lupus,  "Ante  sex  menses,"  inquit  "  maledlxisti  mihi.''  Eespon- 
dit  agnus,  "Ego  nondum  natus  eram."  Lupus,  "Certe  pater 
tuus''  inquit  "mihi  maledixit,"  itaque'agnum  laceravit. 

1  cur  turbulentam  fecisti  aquam :  why  have  you  made  the  water  muddy  f 

2  agnus :  i.e.,  the  lamb  said.  8  Qui:  how  f 


188. 


CHAPTER  XXXII. 

IRREGULAR  VERBS   (Continued). 

Fero,  /  hear. 

ACTIVE  VOICE. 


Principal  Parts.  —  fero, 

ferre 

>,            tuli,            latus. 

Indicative  Mood. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

Pres, 

fero,  f ers,  f ert ; 

ferimus,  fertis,  ferunt.^ 

Imp. 

f  erebain ; 

ferebamus. 

FuL 

f  eram ; 

feremus. 

Per/. 

tuli; 

tulimus. 

Plup. 

tuleram ; 

tule  ramus. 

Put.  P. 

tulero; 

tulerimus. 

Pres. 

f  eram ; 

Subjunctive 

feramus. 

Imp. 

f  errem ; 

ferremus. 

Perf. 

tulerim ; 

tulerimus. 

Plup. 

tulissem ; 

tulisse  mus. 

Pres. 

fer; 

Imperative. 

ferte. 

Fut. 

f erto  5 
ferto; 

Infinitive. 

fertote, 
ferunto. 

Participle. 

Pres. 

ferre. 

Pres.    ferens. 

Perf. 

tulisse. 

FuL 

laturus  esse. 
Gerund. 

Fut.     laturus. 
Supine. 

Gen. 

ferendi. 

Dat. 

ferendo. 

Ace. 

ferendum. 

Ace.    latum. 

AN. 

ferendo. 

A  hi.     latu. 

1  It  will  be  observed  that  not  all  the  forms  of  fero  lack  the  connecting 
vowel.  Some  of  them,  as  ferimus,  fer unt,  follow  the  regular  inflection  of 
verbs  of  the  Third  Conjugation. 

92 


Irregular   Verbs. 


feror, 


PASSIVE  VOICE. 
ferri,  latus  sum^ 


to  he  home. 


Indicative  Mood. 

SINGULAR 

. 

PLURAL. 

Pres. 

feror,  ferris,  fertur; 

ferimur,  ferimini,  feruntur 

Imp, 

ferebar; 

ferebamur. 

Fut. 

f erar ; 

feremur. 

Perf, 

latus  sum ; 

lati  sumus. 

Plup. 

latus  eram ; 

' 

lati  eramus. 

Fut,  P. 

latus  ero ; 

Subjunctive 

lati  erimus. 

Pres, 

f erar ; 

feramur. 

Imp. 

f errer ; 

ferremur. 

Perf, 

latus  sim ; 

lati  simus. 

Plup, 

latus  essem ; 

lati  essemus. 

Pres,       ferre ; 
Fut.        f  ertor ; 
f  ertor ; 


Imperative. 


ferimini. 
feruntor. 


Infinitive. 

Pres,       ferri. 
Perf,       latus  esse. 
Fut,         latum  iri. 


Participle. 


Perf   latus. 
Ger,    ferendus. 


So  also  the  Compounds  — 


affero 

aiferre 

attuli 

allatus 

hring 

aufero 

auferre 

abstuli 

ablatus 

take  away 

confero 

conferre 

contuli 

collatus 

collect 

infero 

inferre 

intuli 

Hiatus 

hring  against 

refero 

referre 

rettuli 

relatus 

hring  hack 

94  Irregular  Verbs, 

189.  VOCABULARY. 

affero,   ferre,   attuli,  allatus,   /  ne  .  .  .  quidem,   not  even;  em- 
bring.                                              .        phatic  negative,  emphasizing  the 

calamitas,  tatis,  f.,  calamity.  expression  placed  between  ne 

condicio,     onis,     f.,    condition,  and  quidem. 

terms.  perfero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus,  I  carry 

c5nfer5,     ferre,    tuli,    coUatus,  through,  convey;  endure. 

I  hrHng  together;  se  conferre,  protinus,      forthicith,      straight- 
betake  one''s  self.  way. 

ignominia,  ae,  f.,  ignominy,  dis-  refero,  ferre,  rettulT,  relatus,  1 
grace.  bring  back. 

impedimentum,  i,  n.,  hindrance;  subsidium,  i  (ii),  n.,  assistance. 

in  pi. ,  baggage.  tumultus,  us,  m. ,  uprising. 

EXERCISES. 

190.  1.  Afferet,  attulimusj  attulisse.  2.  Latus  esse,  lati 
essent,  ferendus.  3.  Perfertur,  perferebantur,  perlati  sunt. 
4.  Refert,  rettulerunt,  rettulissent.  5.  Eettulisse,  relati  sunt, 
referuntur.  6.  Tulerunt,  ferendo,  lattirus.  7.  Tulisse, 
ferens,  ferebat.  8.  Affertur,  afferetur,  allatus  esse.  9.  Ee- 
ferens,  referendi,  relaturus.         10.  Contulisse,  collatus. 

191.  1.  Hostes  ne  primum  quidem  impetum  tulerunt. 
2.  Nobis  subsidium  ferebat.  3.  Pompejus  se  protinus^  in 
castra  contulit.  4.  Helvetii  impedimenta  in  unum  locum 
contulerunt.  5.  Hie  nuntius  condiciones  pacis  affert. 
6.  Fama  de  hoc  tumultu  allata  est.  7.  Multas  calamitates 
pertulimus.  8.  Ea  fama  ad  Caesarem  perlata  est.  9.  Signa 
militaria  referuntur.  10.  Ignominiam  ferre  non  possumus. 
11.  Hic  nuntius  famam  de  tumultu  attulit.  12.  Sine  hac 
spe  hos  labores  numquam  pertulissem.  13.  Magna  copia 
f  rtimenti  allata  erat. 


CHAPTER   XXXIII. 


IRREGULAR  VERBS  (Continued). 


92. 

Volo, 

nolo,  malo. 

Principal  Parts. 

volo, 

velle. 

volui, 

to  wish,  he  willing. 

nolo, 

nolle, 

nolui. 

to  he  unvnlling. 

malo, 

maiie, 

malui. 

to  prefer. 

Indicative  Mood. 

Pres, 

volo, 

nolo, 

malo. 

vis. 

non  vis. 

mavis. 

vult; 

non  vult ; 

mavult ; 

volumus, 

nolamus. 

malumus, 

vultis. 

non  vultis, 

mavultis. 

volunt. 

nolunt. 

malunt. 

Imp. 

volebam. 

nolebam. 

malebam. 

Put. 

volam. 

nolam. 

malam. 

Perf, 

volui. 

nolui. 

malui. 

Plup, 

volueram. 

nolueram. 

malueram. 

Put.  P, 

.  voluero. 

noluero. 

maluero. 

Subjunctive. 

Pres. 

velim,  -IS, 

-it,  etc. 

nolim. 

malim. 

Imp. 

vellem,  -es 

!,-et,  etc. 

nollem. 

mallem. 

Perf. 

voluerim. 

noluerim. 

maluerim. 

Plup. 

voluissem 

noluissem. 

maluissem. 

Imperative. 

Pres.  noli,      nolite. 

Put.    nolito,  nolito;   nolitote,  nolunto. 


Pres.      velle. 
Perf.      voluisse. 

Pres.      volens. 


Infinitive. 

nolle, 
noluisse. 

Participle. 

nolens. 
95 


malle. 
maluisse. 


96 


Irregular   Verbs. 


193.  Fio  (Passive  of  facio). 

Principal  Parts. — fio,  fieri,i  f actus  sum,  to  become,  he  made,  occur. 
Indicative  Mood. 


SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

Pres, 

fio,  fis,  fit; 

fimus,  fitis,  fiunt, 

Imp. 

f  iebam ; 

fiebamus. 

Put. 

f  iara ; 

fiemus. 

Perf. 

f  actus  sum ; 

facti  sumus. 

Plup. 

f actus  eram ; 

facti  eramus. 

Put.  P 

.  f  actus  ero ; 

facti  erimus. 

Pres. 

Subjunctive. 

f  iani ; 

fiamus. 

Imp. 

fierem ; 

fieremus. 

Perf. 

f  actus  sim ; 

facti  Sim  us. 

Plup. 

f  actus  essem ; 

facti  essemus. 

Pres. 

Imperative. 

fite. 

Infinitive. 

Participle. 

Pres. 

fieri. 

Perf. 

f  actus  esse. 

Perf.   factus. 

Fut. 

factum  iri. 

VOCABULARY. 

Ger.    faciendus. 

194. 

causa,  ae,  1,  cause,  reason. 

certus,  a,  um,  sure  ;  compar.  cer- 
tior  in  phrase  certior  fieri,  he 
informed  {made  more  certain). 

concursus,  us,  m.,  a  running  to- 
gether. 

creber,  bra,  brum,  frequent. 

dgsero,  ere,  serui,  sertus,  /  ahan- 
don,  desert. 

discedd,  ere,  cessT,  cessurus,  / 
depart. 

hue,  adv.,  hither. 


maritimus,   a,    um,    of  the    sea, 

maritime. 
ob,  071  account  of  prep,  with  ace. 
ora,  ae,  1,  coast. 
per,  through,   hy  means  of,  prep* 

with  ace. 
perfuga,  ae,  m.,  deserter. 
pro,  in  front  of  prep,  with  abl. 
quare,  adv.,  wherefore^  why  f 
repentinus,  a,  um,  sudden. 
semper,  always. 
socius,  1  (ii),  m.,  ally,  comrade. 


1  Note  that  the  i  is  regularly  short  before  er  in  this  verb. 


Irregular  Verbs,  97 

EXERCISES. 

195.  1.  Malumus,  maluimus,  malebat.  2.  Mavultis, 
maluisset,  noluisse.  3.  Fiebat,  factum  est,  fiat.  4.  Yolue- 
ratis,  voluisti,  volueris.  5.  Yoletis,  volebas,  voluisse. 
6.  Mavis,  maluisse,  mavult.  7.  Malit,  malet,  maluit. 
8.  Volueram,  voluissetis,  voluit.  9.  Fit,  factum  erat, 
factus.         10.   Noil  Yult,  nolet,  noluerant. 

196.  1.  Ob  earn  causam  crebra  proelia  fiebant.  2.  Ab 
ora  maritima  discedere  nolebat.  3.  Quare  socios  nostros 
semper  vexare  vultis  ?  4.  Ex  castris  Gallorum  fit  fuga 
repentlna.  5.  De  his  rebus  per  perfugas  certior  factus  est. 
6.  Pro  castris  magiius  concursus  fiebat.  7.  Hue  venire 
noluimus.  8.  Officium  suum  deserere  noluerat.  9.  Malu- 
issemus  in  his  locis  manere.  10.  A,b  hoc  oppido  discedere 
noluissem.  11.  Has  victorias  laudare  volebamus.  12.  Nos 
de  hoc  Gallorum  tumultu  certiores  fact!  sumus.  13.  In  hac 
urbe  manure  malumus. 

The  Philosopher  and  the  Kijs^g. 

Philosophus  a  rege  talentum  petiit.  Eex  respondit,  "  Talen- 
tum  est  plus  quam^  quod^  philosophus  petere  debet."  Tunc 
denarium  petiit,  cum  rex  respondit,  ^^  Denarius  est  minus 
quam  quod  rex  dare  debet.'' 

The  Fox  and  the  Grapes. 

Yulpes  fame  coacta  ^  tivam  in  alta  vinea  pendentem  ^  appete- 
bat,  summis  viribus  saliens.  Ut^  tangere  non  potuit,  discessit. 
"Nondum,"  inquit,  "mattira  est;  nolo  acerbam^  sumere." 

1  quam :  than. 

2  quod:  what. 

3  fame  coacta :  forced  by  hunger.  4  pendentem :  hanging. 

5  ut :  as,  when. 

6  acerbam:  limiting  earn  understood  referring  to  uvam;  translate:  when 
sour. 


CHAPTER   XXXIV. 
IRHEGULAH  VERBS  (Continued). 
197.  E6. 

Principal  Parts.  —  eo,      Ire,      ivi  (ii),      itum  (est),  to  ^o. 


Indicative  Mood. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

Pres, 

eo,  is,  it ; 

imus,  itis,  eunt. 

Imp, 

ibam; 

ibamus. 

Fut. 

ibo ; 

ibimus. 

Perf. 

ivi  (ii) ; 

ivimus  (iimus). 

Plup. 

iveram  (ieram)  ; 

iveramus  (ierami: 

Fut.  P.  ivero  (iero)  ; 


iverimus  (ierimus). 


Subjunctive. 

Pres. 

earn; 

eamus. 

Imp. 

irem; 

iremus. 

Perf. 

iverim  (ierim) ; 

iverimus  (ierimus). 

Plup. 

ivissem  (iissem,  issem)  ; 

ivissemus  (iissemus,  issemus) 

Imperative. 

Pres. 

i; 

ite. 

Fut. 

ito, 

itote, 

it«; 

eunto. 

Infinitive. 

Participle. 

Pres. 

ire. 

Pres.    iens. 

Perf. 

ivisse  (iisse,  isse). 

{Gen.  euritis.) 

Fut. 

itiirus  esse. 

Fut.      itiirus. 

Gerund. 

Supine. 

eundi,  etc. 

itum,  itu. 

1.   Transitive  compounds  of  eo  admit  the  full  Passive  inflection; 
as,  adeor,  adiris,  aditur,  etc. 


Irregular   Verbs, 


99 


DEFECTIVE  VERBS. 

Defective  Verbs  lack  certain  forms.     The  following  are 
the  most  important :  — 

198.  Used  mainly  in  the  Perfect  System. 

Coepi,  /  have  begun.  Memini,  I  remember,  Odi,  /  hate. 

Indicative  Mood. 


Per/. 

coepi. 

memini. 

odi. 

Plup. 

coeperam. 

memineram. 

oderam. 

Put.  P. 

coepero. 

meminero. 
Subjunctive. 

odero. 

Perf, 

coeperim. 

meminerim. 

oderim. 

Plup. 

coepissem. 

meminissem. 

odissem. 

Imperative. 

Sing,  memento ;  Plur.  mementote. 


Perf.      coepisse. 

Put.        coeptiirus  esse. 


Perf.      coeptus,  begun. 
Fut.        coeptiirus. 


Infinitive. 

meminisse. 

Participle. 


odisse. 
osiirus  esse. 


osus. 
osiinis. 


1.  N'ote  that  memini  and  odi,  though  Perfect  in  form,  are  Present 
in  sense.  Similarly  the  Pluperfect  and  Future  Perfect  have  the  force 
respectively  of  the  Imperfect  and  Future ;  as,  memineram,  /  remem- 
bered ;  oderd,  /  shall  hate. 


100 


Irregular   Verbs. 


199. 


adeo,  118,  ii,  itus,  /  go  to, 

circiter,  adv.,  about. 

circumeo,  ire,  ii,  itus,  I  go  around, 

surround. 
clam,  secretly. 
duodecim,  indecl.,  twelve. 
eo,  adv.,  thither^  to  that  place. 
incipio,  ere,  c6pi,  ceptus,  /  begin. 
ine5,  ire,  ii,  itus,  I  enter  upon; 

consilium  inire,  form  a  plan. 


VOCABULARY. 


initium,  i  (ii),  n.,  beginning. 
injuria,  ae,  f.,  wrong,  injustice. 
intereo,  ire,  ii,  iturus,  I  perish. 
Mosa,  ae,  1,  the  river  Meuse. 
redeo,  ire,  ii,  itum,  I  return, 
sinister,  tra,  trum,  left. 
trans,  across,  prep,  with  ace. 
transeo,  ire,  ii,  itus,  /  cross, 
turpis,  e,  base, 
unde,  whence. 


EXERCISES. 

200.  1.  Meminerat,  meminero,  meminisse.  2.  Adiisse,  adi- 
isset,  adeamus.  3.  Eundo,  iturus  esse,  ierat.  4.  Eedimus, 
rediimus,  redeamus.  5.  Interibit,  interierant.  6.  Interiisse, 
interittirus,  interiit.  7.  Transibamus,  transiit,  transibunt. 
8.  Adimus,  adibant,  adil.  9.  Eedibitis,  redierunt,  redibas, 
rediens.         10.  Odisse,  odit,  oderat. 

201.  1.  Hostes  sinistruin  cornu  circumire  conantur. 
2.  Magna  pars  exercitus  interiit.  3.  Caesar  eo,  unde  redie- 
rat,  proficiscitur.  4.  Circiter  duodecim  milia  Germanorum 
Ehenum  transibant.         5.    Hostes  transeundi  initium  faciunt. 

6.  Equites,    qui    trans    Mosam    ierant,    nondum    redierant. 

7.  Has  nationes  adibimus.  8.  Barbari  consilia  de  bello 
clam  inire  incipiunt.  9.  Hoc  fiumen  transire  coeperunt. 
10.  Has  injurias  memineramus.  11.  Turpes  civis  odimus. 
12.  Ex  hac  provincia  in  urbem  redierat.         13.  Onmes  injurias 

,  meministi   quas   pater   tuus   pertulit.  14.   Quare   initium 

transeundi  fecisti  ? 


CHAPTER    XXXV. 

IMPERSONAL   VERBS.  —  QUESTIONS   AND   ANSW13RS. 

IMPERSONAL  VERBS. 

202.  Impersonal  Verbs  correspond  to  the  English,  it 
snows^  it  seems^  etc.  They  have  no  personal  subject,  but 
may  take  an  Infinitive,  a  Clause,  or  a  Neuter  Pronoun; 
as,  me  pudet  hoc  fecisse,  lit.  it  shames  me  to  have  done  this  ; 
hoc  decet,  this  is  fitting.     Examples  are  :  — 


paenitet 

paenitere 

paenituit 

it  repents 

pudet 

pudere 

puduit 

it  causes  shame 

miseret 

miserere 

miseruit 

it  causes  pity 

licet 

licere 

licuit 

it  is  permitted 

oportet 

oportere 

oportuit 

it  is  fitting 

constat 

constare 

constitit 

it  is  evident 

accidit 

accidere 

accidit 

it  happens 

Specially  to  be  noted  is  the  impersonal  use  of  such 
Passive  forms  as, — 


curritur 
ventum  est 
veniendum  est 


lit.  it  is  run 

lit.  it  has  been  come 

lit.  it  must  he  come 


I.e.  some  one  runs 
i.e.  some  one  has  come 
i.e.  somebody  must  come 


QUESTIONS  AND  ANSWERS. 

203.    Questions  may  be  either  Word-Questions  or  Sen- 
tence-Questions. 

1.  Word-Questions.     These  are  introduced  by  the  various  inter- 
rogative pronouns  and  adverbs ;  such  as  —  quis,  qui,  quo,  quS,  etc. 

^^'  quis  venit,  w;^o  comes? 

quam  diu  manebit,  how  long  will  he  stay  f 
101 


102  ,,,  ,   ,,.        Impersonal  Verbs, 

2.  SfiNTiflNCE-QcEsiiONS.     These  are  introduced  — 
a)  By  nonne  implying  the  answer  « yes ' ;  as,  — 

nonue  vides,  do  you  not  see  ? 

h)  By  num  implying  the  answer  *  no ' ;  as,  — 

num  exspectas,  do  you  expect  ?  {i.e.  you  don't  expect,  do  you  f) 

c)  By  the  enclitic  -ne,  appended  to  the  emphatic  word,  and 
simply  asking  for  information  ;  as,  — 

videsne,  do  you  see  f 

3.  Answers. 

a)  The  answer  Yes  is  expressed  by  ita,  etiam,  vgro,  sang,  or 
by  repetition  of  the  verb ;  as,  — 

<visne   locum   mutemus?'    *sane.'     ^  Shall  we  change  the 
place  f^     ^Certainly.* 

*  estisne  vos  legati  ? '    '  sumus/    '  Are  you  envoys  f  *    ^  Yes.* 

b)  The  answer  No  is  expressed  by  non,  minime,  minime  vero, 

or  by  repeating  the  verb  with  a  negative  ;  as,  — 

*  eane  praeteriit  ?  *     ^  non.'     '  Has  she  passed  ? '     *  No.* 

*  estne  frater  intus  ? '     '  non  est/     '  Is  your  brother  within  f ' 

'No.* 

204.  VOCABULARY. 

concurro,    ere,    curri,    concur-  nonne,   interrog.  particle,  expect- 

sum,  run  together.  ing  answer  *'  yes." 

dico,  ere,  dixi,  dictus,  I  say.  num,  interrog.  particle,  expecting 

liberi,    orum,   c,  children  (free-  answer  "no." 

bom).  profugio,    ere,    fugi,   fugiturus, 

melior,     ius,     better,     comp.     to  I  flee,  escape. 

bonus.  quando,  when,  interrog. 

-ng,  enclitic  interrog.  particle,  ask-  quo,  whither,  interrog.  and  rel.  adv. 

ing  for  information.  scribo,    ere,    scrips!,    scriptus, 

neglegd,  ere,  exi,  ectus,  /  neg-  I  write. 

lect.  vir,  viri,  m.,  man. 


Questions  and  Answers.  103 

EXERCISES. 

205.  1.  Audacter  resistendum  est.  2.  Undique  ad  signa 
concurritur.^  3.  Eo  conventum  est.^  4.  Nonne  has  litteras 
scripsisti?  Scrips!.  5.  Num  viri  bonl  patriam  defendere 
recusant?  Non  recusant.  6.  Num  hos  liberos  neglexisti? 
7.  Quando  meliorem  virum  videbis?  8.  Hasne  sententias 
probavistis?  Non  probavimus.  9.  Quo  proftigerunt? 
10.  Quid  dixistl?  11.  Undique  ad  signa  concursum  est. 
12.  Nonne  vetera  incommoda  meministi  ?  Memini.  13.  Non 
oportet  officium  neglegere.         14.  Licet  res  meliores  sperare. 

206.  1.  When  will  you  come  to  us  ?  ^  2.  Where  have  you 
been?  3.  Where  (= whither)  have  they  gone?  4.  What 
would  you  have  said  ?  5.  Did  you  not  see  us  ?  6.  You 
will  not  neglect  your  duty,  will  you  ?  No.  7.  Have  they 
returned?  Yes.  8.  Would  you  have  written  this  letter? 
No.         9.  Who  will  remain  here  ? 

REVIEW. 

1.  Eo  rediimus  unde  profecti  eramus.  2.  Initium  htijus  rei 
meminisse  non  potui.  3.  Aliud  consilium  inire  clam  coepe- 
runt.  4.  Non  vult  ullius  hominis  amicus  fieri.  5.  Caesar 
de  tumultu  Gallorum  certior  fiet.  6.  Talia  incommoda  vix 
perferri  possunt.  7.  Fama  hujus  tumultus  statim  ad  Caesa- 

rem  allata  est.         8.    Omnia  pericula  hujus   itineris  fortiter 
perfers.  9.  Magna  copia  frtimenti  in  his   oppidis  aderat. 

10.  Omnis  spes  saltitis  deest.         11.  Hos  montes  videre  vix 
poteris.  12.  Helvetii  post  quinque  menses  in  fines  suos 

redire  coacti  sunt.  13.  Caesar  cum  eis  de  pacis  condicioni- 

bus  colloquebatur. 

1  Lit.  it  is  run  together,  i.e.  the  men  rush. 

2  Lit.  it  was  assembled  thither^  i.e.  men  assembled  there. 
8  See  p.  38,  §  89,  footnote  1. 


PART   III. 

SYNTAX. 


CHAPTER   XXXVI. 

THE  ACCUSATIVE. 

207.  The  Accusative  is  used  as  the  case  of  the  Direct 
Object. 

208.  The  Direct  Object  may  express  either  of  the  two 
following  relations :  — 

A.  The  Person  or  Thing  Affected  by  the  action; 

as,  — 

consulem  interfecit,  Tie  slew  the  consul. 

B.  The  Result  Produced  by  the  action;  as, — 

librum  scrips!,  /  wrote  a  hook  (i,e,  produced  one). 

1.  This  Accusative  occurs  especially  in  the  case  of  a  Neuter  Pro- 
noun or  Adjective  used  Substantively ;  as,  — 

hoc  moneo,  I  advise  this,  i.e.  I  give  this  advice  ; 
hoc  rogo,  /  request  this,  i.e.  I  make  this  request. 

TWO  ACCUSATIVES  — DIRECT  OBJECT  AND  PREDICATE 
ACCUSATIVE. 

209.  1.  Many  Verbs  of  Making,  Choosing,  Calling,  Show- 
ing, and  the  like,  take  two  Accusatives,  one  of  the  Person 
or  Thing  Affected,  the  other  a  Predicate  Accusative ;  as, — 

me  hSredem  fecit,  he  made  me  heir. 

Here  mS  is  Direct  Object,  herSdem  Predicate  Accusative. 

104 


The  Accusative,  105 

2.  The  Predicate  Accusative  may  be  an  Adjective  as  well  as  a 
Noun;  as, — 

homines  caecos  reddit  cupiditas,  covetousness  renders  men  blind. 

3.  In  the  Passive  the  Direct  Object  becomes  the  Subject,  and  the 
Predicate  Accusative  becomes  Predicate  !N"ominative ;  as,  — 

urbs  Homa  vocata  est,  the  city  was  called  Rome* 

210.  VOCABULARY. 

aedificium,  i  (ii),  n.,  5m7(^m^.  inimicus,    i,    m.,    a    (personal) 
alacer,  oris,  ere,  eager.  enemy. 

appello,  1,  I  TMme^  call.  Lentulus,  i,  m.,  Lentulus,  a  man's 
Bacenis,  is,  f.,  Bacenis,  a  forest  in  name. 

Germany.  Octodurus,  i,  m.,  Octodurus,  a 
deligo,  ere,  legi,  lectus,  I  choose.  city  of  the  Veragri. 

dolor,  oris,  m.,  grief.  opportunus,  a,  um,  Jit,  opportune, 

efficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus,  I  make,  praetor,  oris,  m.,  praetor. 

render.  privatus,  a,  um,  private. 

f rater,  tris,  m.,  brother.  pugna,  ae,  1 ,  fight,  battle. 

hiemd,  1, 1  pass  the  winter.  -que,  and,  enclitic  conj. 

incendo,  ere,  cendi,  census,  I  set  sentio,  ire,  sensi,  sensus,  I  feel, 

on  fire. 

EXERCISES. 

211.  1.  Haec  res  hostes  ad  piignam  alacriores  effecerat. 
2.  Populus  Eomanus  Lentulum  praetorem  fecit.  3.  Galba 
in  vico  qui  Octodurus  appellatur  hiemat.  4.  Helvetii  bunc 
locum  opportunissimum  judicaverunt.  5.  Caesarem  de  bis 
rebus  certiorem  faciunt.  6.  Hic  homo  dux  delectus  est. 
7.  Suum  fratrem  inimicum  judicaverat.  8.  Haec  silva 
appellatur  Bacenis.  9.  Helvetii  vicos  reliquaque  privata 
aedificia  incendunt.  10.  Dolorem  sentimus.  11.  Mag- 
num exercitum  paravimus.  12.  Galli  hunc  montem  Jtiram 
appellaverunt.  13.  Virtus  imperatoris  milites  fortiores 
efiicit. 

212.  1.  We  have  made  Galba  leader.  2.  Galba  bad 
been  made  leader.       3.  The  Helvetii  called  this  town  Geneva. 


106  The  Accusative, 

4.  The  valor  of  the  commander  made^  the  soldiers  braver. 

5.  The   Belgians  were   adjudged   the  bravest  of  the  Gauls. 

6.  Caesar  adjudged  the  Belgians  the   bravest  of  the  Gauls. 

7.  Whom,  0  soldiers/  will  you  choose  (as)  commander  ? 

Incorruptible. 

Legatus  quidam  a  rege  Persarum  magnum  pondus  aurl 
ferens  Thebas  ^  venit,  ut  Epaminondam  pectinia  corrumperet.^ 
Is  autem  ^  aurum  accipere  noluit.  "  Nihil  enim,"  inquit,  "  opus 
pecilnia  est.^  Nam  si  rex  ea  vult  quae  Thebanis  '^  sunt  utilia, 
sine  pectinia  f aciam ;  sin  contraria  ^  vult,  non  satis  aurl  et 
argent!^  habet." 

1  Use  efficio. 

2  The  Vocative  regularly  stands  in  the  second  place  in  the  sentence. 

3  Thebas :  to  Thebes. 

^  ut  corrumperet :  in  order  that  he  might  bribe,  in  order  to  bribe. 

s  Is  autem :  but  he ;  autem  regularly  stands  second  in  the  Latin  sentence. 

6  nihil  opus  pecunia  est :  there  is  no  7ieed  of  money. 

7  Thebanis :  to  the  Thebans. 

8  contraria:  the  contrary. 

9  satis  auri  et  argent! :  lit.  enough  of  gold  and  silver,  i.e.  enough  gold 
and  silver. 


CHAPTER   XXXVII. 

THE  ACCUSATIVE   (Continued). 
TWO  ACCUSATIVES.— PERSON  AND  THING. 

213.  1.  Some  Verbs  take  two  Accusatives,  one  of  the 
Person  Affected,  the  other  of  the  Result  Produced,  espe- 
cially verbs  of  Ashing^  Demanding^  Teaching^  etc,  ;  as,  — 

te  haec  rogo,  /  ask  you  this  ; 

te  litteras  doce5,  I  teach  you  {your)  letters. 

2.  But  many  verbs  of  asking  (ospecially  peto),  instead  of  the 
Accusative  of  the  Person,  take  a  with  the  Ablative;  as, — 

auxilium  a  te  peto,  T  request  help  from  you, 

3.  In  the  Passive  construction  the  Accusative  of  the  Person  becomes 
the  Subject,  and  the  Accusative  of  the  Thing  is  retained ;  as,  — 

is  omnes  artes  edoctus  est,  he  was  taught  all  accomplishments, 

TWO   ACCUSATIVES   WITH  COMPOUNDS. 

214.  1.  Transitive  compounds  of  trans  may  take  two 
Accusatives,  one  dependent  upon  the  Verb,  the  other 
.upon  the  Preposition;    as, — 

milites  flumen  traducit,  he  leads  his  soldiers  across  the  river. 

2.  In  the  Passive  the  Accusative  dependent  upon  the  preposition  is 
retained;  as, — 

milites  flumen  traducebantur,  the  soldiers  were  being  led  across 
the  river. 

ACCUSATIVE   OF   TIME   AND   SPACE. 

215.  Duration  of  Time  and  Extent  of  Space  are  denoted 
by  the  Accusative  ;  as,  — 

quadraginta  annos  vixit,  he  lived  forty  years  ; 
arbores  quinquaginta  pedes  altae,  trees  fifty  feet  high. 
107 


108  The  Accusative, 

ACCUSATIVE   OF  LIMIT  OF  MOTION. 

216.  1.  The  Accusative  of  Limit  of  Motion  is  used  — 

a)  With  names  of  Towns,  Small  Islands,  and  Peninsulas ;  as,  — 

Romam  vSnT,  /  came  to  Rome; 

b)  With  domum,  domos,  rus ;  as,  — 

domum  revertitur,  he  returns  home. 

2.  Other  designations  of  place  than  those  above  mentioned  require 
a  Preposition  to  denote  Limit  of  Motion ;  as,  — 

ad  Italiam  venit,  he  came  to  Italy. 

217.  VOCABULARY. 

a,  ab,  from,  prep,  with  abl. ;  before  obtineo,  ere,  iii,  tentus,  I  occupy, 

a  vowel  or  h,  the  form  ab  must  hold. 

be  used.  ops,  opis,  f.    (nom.    sing,   is  not 

ac  (atque),  and,  and  also;  ac  is  used),  power,  help;   in  pi.,  re- 

not  used  before  vowels.  sources. 

annus,  i,  m.,  year.  passus,  us,  m.,  pace  (five  feet). 

Athenae,  arum,  1,  Athens.  peto,  ere,  ivi  (ii),  itus,  I  seek, 

biduum,  1,  n.,  two  days.  request. 

cottldie,  adv.,  every  day,  daily.  poUiceor,  eri,  itus  sum,  /  prom- 

domus,  us,  f.,  house,  home.  ise. 

flagito,  1,  I  demand.  regnum,  i,  n.,  kingdom. 

Hiberus,  i,  m.,  Hiherus,  a  river  in  rogo,  1,  I  ask. 

Spain.  sescenti,  ae,  a,  six  hundred. 

interim,  in  the  meanwhile.  traduco,   ere,   duzi,    ductus,   J 

moned,  ere,  ui,  itus,   /  advise,  lead  across. 

warn. 

EXERCISES. 

218.  1.  Caesar  interim  cottldie  Haeduos  friimentura,  quod 
polliciti  erant,  flagitat.  2.  5.  te  opem  peto.  3.  Sine  perl- 
culo  ac  timore  copias  Hiberum  tradtixit.  4.  Sententiam 
rogatus  est.  5.  Hoc  me  mones.  6.  Decem  annos  regnum 
obtinuit.         7.    Biduum  in  his  locis  moratus  est.         8.   Hic 


The  Accusative.  109 

locus  ab  hostibus  sescentos  passtis  aberat.  9.  Copias  domum 
reduxit.  10.  Athenas  redierat.  11.  In  Galliam  conten- 
dimus.  12.  Decern  milia  passuum  reducti  sunt.  13.  Te 
pectiniam  quam  mihi  debebas  flagitavi.  14.  Copiae  nostrae 
Ehenum  traductae  sunt.  15.  Ilia  turris  triginta  pedes  alta 
fuit. 

219.  1.  I  shall  teach  you  all  these  things.  2.  We  had 
been  taught  these  things.  3.  I  have  demanded  the  money 
of    you.  4.   These    envoys   requested   help   from   Caesar. 

5.  Have  you  been  asked  your  opinion  ?  6.  Caesar  will  lead 
his  troops  across  the  Ehine.  7.  We  remained  here  ten  years. 
8.  The  camp  of  the  enemy  is  a  thousand  paces  distant.  9.  We 
shall  come  to  Eome.        10.  Return  home. 


CHAPTER   XXXVIII. 

THE  DATIVE. 

DATIVE   OF  INDIRECT  OBJECT. 

220.  The  commonest  use  of  the  Dative  is  to  denote 
the  person  to  whom  something  is  given^  said^  or  done- 
Thus  :  — 

I.  With  transitive  verbs  in  connection  with  the  Accu- 
sative; as, — 

banc  pecuniam  mihi  dat,  he  gives  me  this  money, 

II.  With  many  intransitive  verbs  ;  as,  — 

nemini  cedit,  he  yields  to  no  one  ; 
tibi  suscensed,  /  am  angry  with  you. 

a)  Here  belong  many  verbs  signifying  favor,  help,  injure,  please, 
displease,  trust,  distrust,  command,  obey,  serve,  resist,  indulge, 
spare,  pardon,  envy,  threaten,  believe,  persuade,  and  the  like ; 
as, — 

Caesar  popularibus  favit,  Caesar  favors  (i.e.  is  favorable 

to)  the  popular  party. 
amicis  confido,  /  trust  (to)  my  friends. 

III.  With  many  verbs  compounded  with  the  preposi- 
tions :  ad,  ante,  com-  (^con-},  in,  inter,  ob,  post,  prae,  pro, 
sub,  super,  and  sometimes  circum  ;  as,  — 

afflictis  succurrit,  he  helps  the  afflicted ; 
exercitui  praef uit,  he  was  in  command  of  the  army  ; 
Labienum  exercitui  praefecit,  he  put  Labienus  in  charge 
of  the  army. 

110 


The  Dative.  111 

221.  VOCABULARY. 

confido,  ere,   fiaus    sum,   semi-  placeo,     ere,     ui,     placitums, 

dep.,  I  trust.  I  please, 

infero,  ferre,  tuli,  illatus,  I  bring  praeficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus,  I  put 

upon.         ^  in  charge. 

interaum,  esse,  fui,  I  am  present  praemium,  i  (ii),  n.,  reward. 

at.  praesum,  esse,  fui,  lam  in  charge 
Labienus,  I,  m.,  Labienus,  a  lieu-  of. 

tenant  of  Caesar.  recgns,  gen.,  recentis,  recent. 

mulier,  eris,  f.,  icoman.  res  publica,  gen.  rei  publicae, 
noceo,  ere,  ui,  ittirus,  /  injure^  f.,  state^  republic. 

harm.  Sabinus,  i,  m.,  Sabinus,  a  lieuten- 
parco,    ere,   peperci,    parsurus,  ant  of  Caesar. 

/  spare.  sermo,  5nis,  m.,  conversation, 

persuaded,  ere,  suasi,  suasiun,  terror,  oris,  m.,  terror,  fear. 

I  persuade. 

EXERCISES. 

222.  1.  E-ei  publicae  uocetis.  2.  Caesar  mulieribus  peper- 
cit.  3.  Sabinus  el  magnis  praemiis  persuasit.  4.  Caesar 
ei  munitioni  quam  fecerat  Labienum  praefecit.  5.  Laudat 
eos  qui  huic  negotio  praefuerant.  6.  Milites  nostri  maximum 
terrorem  hostibus  inferunt.  7.  Caesar  huic  legion!  propter 
virtutem  maxime  conf  Idebat.  8.  Hoc  consilium  nobis  placet. 
9.  Ego  huic  sermon!  interfui.  10.  M!litibus  propter  recentem 
victoriam  magna  praemia  donat.  11.  Parcite,  cives  mei,  rei 
publicae.  12.  Nullis  legatis  verbis  me!s  persuadere  potueram. 
13.  Nos  ill!  negotio  praefecerat. 

223.  1.  We  shall  present  rewards  to  our  soldiers.  2.  I 
had  already  given  you^  the  letter.  3.  Let  us  spare  these 
children !  4.  We  have  not  injured  you.  5.  Trust  these 
soldiers  !  6.  I  had  persuaded  all  these,envoys.  7.  I  should 
easily  have  persuaded  your  brother.  8.  We  shall  put  you  in 
charge  of  the  smaller  camp.  9.  Caesar  was  in  charge  of 
many  legions.         10.   Who  will  bring  war  upon  us  ? 

1  Observe  that  the  special  sign  of  the  indirect  object  (to,  for)  is  often 
lacking  in  English.    The  pupil  must  have  regard  to  the  meaning. 


CHAPTER   XXXIX. 

THE  DATIVE  (Continued). 
DATIVE   OF  REFERENCE. 

224.  1.  The  Dative  of  Reference  denotes  the  person  to 
whom  a  statement  refers^  of  whom  it  is  true^  or  to  whom  it 
is  of  interest ;  as,  — 

mihi  ante  oculos  versaris,  you  hover  before  my  eyes  (lit.  hover 
before  the  eyes  to  me). 

Note.  —  The  Dative  of  Reference,  unlike  the  Dative  of  Indirect 
Object,  does  not  modify  the  verb,  but  rather  the  sentence  as  a  whole. 
It  is  often  used  where,  according  to  the  English  idiom,  we  should 
expect  a  Genitive. 

DATIVE  OF  AGENCY. 

225.  With  the  Gerundive  the  Dative  is  used  to  denote 
agency;  as, — 

haec  nobis  agenda  sunt,  these  things  must  be  done  by  us; 
mihi  eundum  est,  /  must  go  (lit.  it  must  be  gone  by  me). 

DATIVE   OF  POSSESSION. 

226.  The  Dative  of  Possession  occurs  with  the  verb  esse 
in  such  expressions  as,  — 

mihi  est  liber,  /  have  a  book  (lit.  a  book  is  to  me), 

DATIVE   OF   PURPOSE. 

227.  The  Dative  of  Purpose  designates  the  end  toward 
which  an  action  is  directed  or  for  which  something  exists ; 

as, — 

castris  locum  deligere,  to  choose  a  place  for  a  camp  ; 
nobis  sunt  odio,' they  are  an  object  of  hatred  to  us  (lit.  are  to 
us  for  hatred). 

DATIVE   WITH  ADJECTIVES. 

228.  The  use  of  the  Dative  with  Adjectives  corresponds 
very  closely  to  its  use  with  verbs.     Thus  :  — 

112 


The  Dative.  113 

It  occurs  with  adjectives  signifying:  friendly,  unfriendly,  similar, 
dissimilar,  equal,  near,  related  to,  suitable,  etc. ;  as,  — 
xnihi  inimicus,  hostile  to  me ; 
proximus  ripae,  next  to  the  hank ; 
castris  idoneus  locus,  a  place  suitable  for  a  camp. 

229.  VOCABULARY. 

adversus,  a,  um,  adverse.  proximus,  a,  um,  nearest,  next; 
colloquium,  i  (ii),  n.,  conference.  see  §  74,  1. 

conspectus,  us,  m.,  view,  sight.  scutxmi,  i,  n.,  shield, 

dico,  ere,  dixi,  dictus,  /  appoint,  telum,  i,  n.,  javelin. 

facinus,  facinoris,  n.,  crime,  Treveri,    orum,   m.   pi.,   Treveri, 
par,  gen.  paris,  equal.  a  tribe  of  Belgians. 

pes,  pedis,  m.,foot.  usus,  us,  m.,  use,  service, 

proicio,     ere,     jeci,    jectus,    I  ventus,  i,  m.,  wind, 
throw,  cast. 

EXERCISES. 

230.  1.  Hostes  nobis  in  conspectum  venerant.  2.  Omnes 
se  Caesarl  ad  pedes  projecerunt.  3.  Patria  nobis  defendenda 
est.  4.  Acriter  nobis  resistendum  est.^  5.  Militibus  sunt 
scuta  telaque.  6.  Quinque  cohortes  castris  praesidio  reliquit. 
7.  Una  res  militibus  magno  tisui  erat.  8.  Dies  colloquio 
dictus  est.  9.  Hic  ventus  nobis  adversus  est.  10.  Nulla 
poena  huic  facinori  par  est.  11.  Treveri  proximi  Eheno  sunt. 
12.  Haec  verba  tibi  et  amicis  tuis  probanda  sunt.  13.  Con- 
silium vestrum  nobis  magno  tisuI  erat.  14.  Galll  exercitui 
Eomano  pares  non  erant. 

231.  1.  This  camp  must  be  bravely  defended  by  us.  2.  We 
must  make  resistance  (=  it  must  be  resisted  by  us ;  §  202). 
3.  The  Helvetii  had  many  villages.  4.  The  Eomans  had 
large  fleets.  5.  Let  us  appoint  a  day.  for  a  conference. 
6.  Caesar  chose  a  place  for  a  camp.  7.  This  place  was  suit- 
able for  a  cavalry  battle.  8.  These  villages  are  next  the  sea. 
9.  This  thing  was  of  great  assistance  ^  to  us. 

1  See  §  225,  2d  example.     ^  Compare  the  seventh  sentence  in  the  Latin  Exercise. 


CHAPTER  XL. 

THE   GENITIVE. 

GENITIVE   WITH  NOUNS. 

232.  With  Nouns  the  Genitive  is  the  ease  which  defines 
the  meaning  of  the  limited  noun  more  closely.  Here  belong 
especially :  — 

233.  Genitive  of  Possession  or  Ownership;  as, — 

domus  Ciceronis,  Cicero's  house. 

1.  The  Possessive  Genitive  is  often  used  predicatively,  especially 
with  esse  and  fieri;  as, — 

domus  est  regis,  the  house  is  the  king's, 

234.  Subjective  Genitive.  This  denotes  the  person  who  makes 
or  produces  something  or  who  has  a  feeling  ;  as,  — 

dicta  Platonis,  the  utterances  of  Plato  ; 
timores  liberorum,  the  fears  of  the  children. 

235.  Objective  Genitive.  This  denotes  the  object  of  an  action  or 
feeling;  as, — 

metus  deorum,  fear  of  the  gods, 

236.  Genitive  of  the  "Whole  (Partitive  Genitive).  This  desig- 
nates the  whole  of  which  a  part  is  taken  ;  as,  — 

magna  pars  hominum,  a  great  part  of  mankind, 

1.  The  Genitive  of  the  Whole  occurs  especially  with  the  Nomina- 
tive or  Accusative  Singular  Neuter  of  Pronouns,  or  of  Adjectives  used 
substantively ;  as,  — 

quid  consili,  what  purpose  f 
pliis  auctoritatis,  more  authority, 
114 


The  Grenitive,  115 

237.  Genitive  of  Quality.     The  Genitive  modified  by  an  Adjec- 
tive is  used  to  denote  quality;  as, — 

vir  magnae  virtutis,  a  man  of  great  virtue; 

fossa  quindecim  pedum,  a  trench  fifteen  feet  wide  {or  deep), 

238.  VOCABULARY. 

amitto,  ere,  misi,  missus,  I  lose.  modus,  T,  m. ,  manner^  kind. 

ancora,  ae,  f.,  anchor.  nonnuUus,  a,  um,  some  (§  61). 

arcesso,  ere,  ivi,  itus,  I  summon.  pabulum,  i,  n.,  forage. 

armatura,  ae,  f.,  equipment.  quantus,  a,  um,  how  much,  how 

ceteri,  ae,  a,  the  rest,  the  other.  great. 

custodia,  ae,  f.,  custody.  satis,  enough,  indecL 

dico,  ere,  dixi,  dictus,  /  utter.  supersum,  esse,  fui,  I  remain^  am 

imperium,   i  (ii),   n.,  rule,  com-  left. 

mand.  tantus,  a,  um,  so  much,  so  great. 

Justus,  a,  um,  just.  v511um,  i,  n.,  intrenchment. 

levis,  e,  light.  via,  ae,  f.,  road,  way. 


EXERCISES. 

239.  1.  Ancorae  navium  amissae  sunt.  2.  Imperium 
populi  Eomani  jtistissimum  erat.  3.  Ceteris  cohortibus 
ctistodiam  captivorum  tradidit.  4.  Quantum  viae  super  est  ? 
5.  Tantum  pabuli  d6erat.  6.  Castris  erat  satis  praesidl. 
7.  Dux  pedites  levis  armaturae  arcessivit.  8.  Erat  vallum 
decern  pedum  in  altitudinem.  9.  Nonntillae  sententiae  ejus 
modi  dicebantur.  10.  Hic  adulescens  summae  diligentiae 
fuerat.  11.  Turres  magnae  altitudinis  copias  impediunt. 
12.  Quantum  f rtimentl  et  pabuli  def uit  ?  13.  Adulescentem 
hujus  modi  semper  amamus. 

240.  1.  Caesar's  legions  were  brave.  2.  The  onset  of 
the  Gauls  was  withstood.  3.  This  victory  of  our  troops  was 
most  welcome  to  the  Eomans.  4.  Your  recollection  of  my 
favors  is  most  welcome  to  me.        5.   How  much  forage  was  in 


116  The  aenitive. 

the  camp  ?        6.   There  was  not  enough  money.^        7.   These 
soldiers  were  of  the  greatest  valor.        8.  Our  soldiers  filled  up 
'  a  trench  ten  feet  in  ^  depth. 

Two  Jests  of  Cicero. 

Vatmius  tantum^  paucos  dies  consulatum  gessit.  Hinc 
Cicero  notabili  urbanitate  dixit,  "Magnum  ostentum  anno 
Vatini  factum  est,  quod  illo  consule  ^  nee  hiems  nee  ver  nee 
aestas  nee  autumnus  fuit." 

Lentulus,  gener  Ciceronis,  fuit  homo  exiguae  stattirae. 
Cum^  socer  ilium  longo  gladio  accinctum  vidisset,  "Quis^^ 
inquit  "  generum  meum  ad  ilium  gladium  alligavit  ?  " 

The  Frog  and  the  Ox. 

In  prato  quondam  rana  bovem  conspexit  et  invidia  tacta 
pellem  inflavit.  Tum  natos  ^  rogavit  num  ^  bove  latior  ^  esset. 
nil  negabant.  Eursus  pellem  intendit  rtirsusque^  rogavit 
uter  major  esset.^^  111!  dixerunt,  "Bos  est  major."  Denique 
validius  conatur  se  inflare  atque  corpus  rupit. 

1  Translate :  *  Not  enough  of  money  was.' 

2  Use  in  with  the  ace. 
8  tantum:  only. 

4  iUo  consule:  lit.  he  {being)  consul,  i.e.  in  his  consulship. 

5  cum  vidisset :  translate  as  though  indicative,  —  when  he  had  seen. 

6  natos :  her  children. 

7  num  esset :  whether  she  was. 

8  bove  latior :  broader  than  the  ox, 

9  rursusque :  and  again. 
10  esset :  was. 


CHAPTER  XLL 

THE  GENITIVE   (Continued). 
GENITIYE  WITH  ADJECTIVES. 

241.  The  Genitive  is  used  with  many  Adjectives  to  limit 
the  extent  of  their  application.     Thus  :  — 

1.   With  Adjectives  signifying  desire,  knotvledge,  familiarity,  mem- 
ory, participation,  power,  fulness,  and  their  opposites ;  as,  — 
studiosus  discendi,  desirous  of  learning  ; 
peritus  beUi,  skilled  in  war. 

GENITIVE   WITH   VERBS. 

242.  The  Genitive  is  used  with  the  following  classes  of 
Verbs :  — 

Meininl,  Heminlscor  (remember),  Ohllviscor  {forget)'^;  as,— 
animus  praeteritorum  meminit,  the  mind  remembers  the  past, 

Adfnoneo,  Comvnoneo^  Commonefacid. 

243.  These  Verbs,  in  addition  to  an  Accusative  of  the 
person,  occasionally  take  a  Genitive  of  the  thing ;  as,  — 

te  admoned  amicitiae  nostrae,  I  remind  you  of  our  friendship. 

Verbs  of  Judicial  Action. 

244.  Verbs  of  Accusing,,  Condemning^  Convicting^  Acquit- 
ting take  the  Genitive  of  the  charge  ;  as,  — 

me  furti  accusat,  he  accuses  me  of  theft. 

Genitive  with  Impersonal  Verbs. 

245.  The   Impersonals  pudet,   paenitet,   miseret,   taedet, 
piget  take  the  Accusative  of  the  person  affected,  along  with 

1  These  also  often  govern  the  Accusative,  especially  of  a  neut.  pron.  or  adj. 

117 


118  The  aenitive. 

the  Genitive  of  the  person  or  thing  toward  whom  the  feeling 
is  directed  ;  as,  — 

pudet  me  tui,  /  am  ashamed  of  you  (lit.  it  shames  me  of  you). 

Interest^  Mefert* 

246.  With  interest  (rarely  with  refert),  the  person  con- 
cerned is  denoted  by  the  Genitive ;  as,  — 

patris  interest,  it  concerns  the  father, 

a.  But  instead  of  the  Genitive  of  the  personal  pronouns,  mei,  tui, 
etc.,  the  Latin  uses  the  Ablative  Singular  Feminine  of  the  Pos- 
sessive, viz. :  mea,  tua,  etc. ;  as,  — 

mea  refert,  it  concerns  me, 

247.  VOCABULARY. 

admoneo,  ere,  ui,  itus,  I  remind.  genus,  eris,  n.,  kind. 

beneficium,  i  (ii),  n.,  kindness^  imperitus,  a,  um,  inexperienced. 

favor,  interest,  it  concerns. 

contumelia,  ae,  f.,  insult.  obliviscor,  i,  oblitus  swai^  forget. 

defectio,  onis,  f.,  revolt,  paenitet,  it  causes  regret. 

etiam,  also.  plenus,  a,  um,  full, 

furtum,  1,  n.,  theft,  pristinus,  a,  um, /ormer. 

EXERCISES. 

248.  1.  Plena  est  vita  periculorum.  2.  Htijus  generis 
pngnae  imperltl  sumus.  3.  Harum  contumeliarum  memini- 
mus.  4.  Helvetii  pristinae  suae  virttitis  non  obllvlscuntur. 
5.  Te  meorum  beneficiorum  admoneo.  6.  Hunc  puerum  f  urtl 
accusamns.  7.  Htijus  defectionis  eos  paenitet.  8.  Hoc 
rei  publicae  saltitisque  communis  interest.  9.  Vestra  etiam 
interest.  10.  Vita  illius  mulieris  periculorum  plena  fuerat. 
11.  Pater  filios  suos  horum  officiorum  admonebit.  12.  Konne 
beneficiorum  nostrorum  meministis  ?  13.  Pristinae  defectio- 
nis obliviscamur ! 


The   Grenitive,  119 

249.  1.  The  Helvetii  were  fond  of  war.  2.  They  remem- 
bered the  valor  of  their  ancestors.  3.  We  shall  not  forget 
your  favors.  4.  I  remind  him  of  our  friendship.  5.  Do 
you  remember  this  ?  6.  We  regret  this  war.  7.  It  greatly 
concerns  you.         8.  This  will  concern  all  the  soldiers. 

REVIEW. 

1.  Haec  contumelia  mea  intererat.  2.  Amicos  tuos  horum 
verborum  paenituit.  3.  Bellorum  hujus  modi  imperltus  fuit. 
4.  Satis  pecuniae  mihi  non  erit.  5.  Fossa  decem  pedum  pro 
castris  erat.  6.  Ceteri  qui  supererant  milites  levis  armattirae 
erant.  7.    Incolae    hujus    insulae    Italiae    proximi   sunt. 

8.  Proximum  diem  colloquio  diximus.  9.  Pax  et  amicitia 
omnibus  civitatibus  magno  tisui  sunt.  10.  Tela  et  scuta 
GallTs  fuerunt. .  11.  Els  militibus  parcam  quibus  semper 
confisus  sum.  12.  Hoc  sermone  aliis  facile  persuasit. 
13.   Hae  recentes  victoriae  senatui  placuerunt. 


CHAPTER  XLII. 

THE  ABLATIVE. 

250.  The  Latin  Ablative  unites  in  itself  three  cases 
which  were  originally  distinct  both  in  form  and  in  meaning; 
VIZ,  The  Ablative  or  from-case. 

The  Instrumental  or  with-case. 

The  Locative  or  where-case. 
The  uses  of  the  Latin  Ablative  accordingly  fall  into 
Genuine  Ablative  uses,  Instrumental  uses,  and  Locative 
uses. 

GENUINE   ABLATIVE   USES. 
Ablative  of  Separation. 

251.  The  Ablative  of  Separation  is  construed  some- 
times with,  sometimes  without,  a  preposition.  The  prepo- 
sition is  omitted  especially  with  verbs  oi  freeing^  depriving^ 
lacking^  and  with  adjectives  of  similar  meaning  ;  as,  — 

curls  liberatus,  freed  from  cares. 

Ablative  of  Source. 

252.  The  Ablative  of  Source  is  used  with  the  participles 
nSLtus  and  ortus,  to  designate  parentage  or  station  ;  as,  — 

Jove  natus,  horn  of  Jupiter, 

Ablative  of  Agent. 

253.  The  Ablative  accompanied  by  a  (ab)  is  used  with 
passive  verbs  to  denote  the  personal  agent ;  as,  — 

a  Caesare  accusatus  est,  he  was  arraigned  hy  Caesar, 

Ablative  of  Comparison. 

254.  1.  The  Ablative  is  often  used  with  Comparatives 
in  the  sense  of  than  ;  as,  — 

patria  mihi  vita  carior  est,  my  country  is  dearer  to  me  than  life. 

120 


The  Ablative,  121 

2.   Plus,  amplius  (more),  minus  (less),  and  longius  (further),  are 
often  employed  as  the  equivalents  of  plus  quam,  minus  quam,  etc. ;  as, — ■ 
plus  decern  homines  aderant,  more  than  ten  men  were  present, 

255.  VOCABULARY. 

a,  ab,  hy,  prep,  with  abl.  obsidio,  5nis,  f.,  siege. 

amplius,  more.  occido,  ere,  cidi,  cisus,  Ikill. 


amplus,  a,  um,  great,  glorious.  possessi5,  onis,  f., 

Catilina,  ae,  m.,  Catiline.  repello,  ere,  reppuli,  repulsus, 

commeatus,  us,  m.,  supplies.  I  drive  hack,  repel. 

dissensio,  onis,  f.,  disagreement.  septingenti,  ae,  a,  seven  hundred. 

expello,  ere,  puli,  pulsus,  I  drive  Ubii,    orum,  m.,  Uhii,  a  German 

out.  tribe. 

genus,  eris,  n.,  stock,  family.  ITsipetes,    um,    m.,    Usipetes,    a 
locus,  i,  m.,  place  ;  family.  German  tribe. 

nascor,  i,  natus  sum,  I  am  horn.  viginti,  twenty,  indecl, 

EXERCISES. 

256.  1.  Caesar  Ubios  obsidione  liberavit.  2.  Helvetii 
finibus  suls  excesserunt.  3.  Usipetes  propter  dissensiones 
possessionibus  suis  expulsi  sunt.  4.  Hostes  Caesarem  com- 
meatu  prohibuerimt.  5.  Catilina  amplissimo  genere  natus 
est.  6.  Hic  adulescens  summo  loco  natus  est.  7.  Hostes 
a  mllitibus  nostrls  repulsi  sunt.  8.  Nihil  est  hominibus  carius 
libertate.  9.  Amplius  viginti  vicl  incenduntur.  10.  In  eo 
proelio  minus  septingenti  milites  occisi  sunt.  11.  Plus  quin- 
que  milia  captivorum  a  Caesare  occisl  sunt.  12.  Quo  patre 
natus  es  ?  13.  Nos  magno  timore  liberavisti.  14.  Hostes 
a  finibus  nostrls  reppulimus. 

257.  1.  The  Germans  were  driven  out  of  their  villages. 
2.  We  shall  free  our  fellow-citizens  from  fear.  3.  The  Eomans 
drove  back  the  Gauls  from  the  rampart  of  the  camp.  4.  We 
kept  the  cavalry  away  from  the  ford  of  the  river.  5.  Caesar 
was  born  of  a  most  noble  family.  6.  More  than  a  hundred 
towns  were  captured  by  Caesar.  7.  What  is  nobler  than 
friendship  ?         8.   Is  not  virtue  better  than  friendship  ? 


CHAPTER   XLIII. 

THE  ABLATIVE  (Continued). 

INSTRUMENTAL  USES. 

Ablative  of  Means. 

258.  The  Ablative  is  used  to  denote  means  or  instru- 
ment; as, — 

Alexander  sagitta  vulneratus  est,  A  lexander  was  wounded 
by  an  arrow.     . 

Under  this  Ablative  fall  the  following  uses :  — 

1.  Utor,  fruor,  f ungor,  potior,  vescor,  and  their  compounds  take 
the  Ablative ;  as,  — 

divitiis  utitur,  he  uses  his  loealth  (lit.  he  henejits  himself  hy  his 

wealth)  ; 
vita  fruitur,  he  enjoys  life  (lit.  he  enjoys  himself  hy  life)o 

2.  With  opus  est,  there  is  need ;  as,  — 

duce  nobis  opus  est,  we  need  a  leader, 

3.  With  Yerbs  of  filling  and  Adjectives  of  plenty ;  as,  — 

fossas  virgultis  compleverunt,  they  filled  the  trenches  with 
brush. 

Ablative  of  Cause. 

259.  The  Ablative  is  used  to  denote  Cause;  as, — 

multa    gl5riae    cupiditate    fecit,   he  did  many  things   on 
account  of  his  love  of  glory. 

1.   So  especially  with  verbs  denoting  mental  states ;  as,  delector, 
gaudeo,  laetor,  glorior,  fido,  confido  ;  also  with  contentus  ;  as,  — 

fortuna  amici  gaudeo,  /  rejoice  at  the  fortune  of  my  friend 
(i.e.  on  account  of  it). 

122 


The  Ablative.  123 

Ablative  of  Maimer. 

260.  The  Ablative  with  cum  is  used  to  denote  manner  ; 

as, — 

cum  gravitate  loquitur,  lie  speaks  with  dignity, 

1.   The  preposition  may  be  omitted  when  the  Ablative  is  modified 
by  an  adjective ;  as,  — 

magna  gravit3.te  loquitur,  he  speaks  with  great  dignity. 

Ablative  of  Attendant  Circumstance. 

261.  The  Ablative  (often  with  cum)  is  used  to  denote 
an  attendant  circumstance  of  an  action  or  an  event ;  as,  — 

bonis  RUBpiciis,  under  good  auspices  ; 
magno  cum  damnd,  ivith  great  loss. 

262.  VOCABULARY. 

adduco,   ere,    duxi,    ductus,  I  lacesso,    ere,    lacessivi,    laces- 

lead  on,  impel.  situs,  /  harass. 

celeritas,  atis,  f.,  speed.  nocturnus,^  a,  um,  at  night. 

conficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus,  /  ex-  opus,  n.,  need,  indeclinable. 


pervenio,  ire,  veni,  ventum,  / 
deditio,  onis,  f.,  surrender.  come,  arrive. 

detrimentum,  i,  n.,  loss,  damage.  ratio,  onis,  f.,  reason. 

dignitas,  atis,  f.,  dignity.  recipio,  ere,  cepi,  ceptus,  7  take 
eruptio,  5nis,  f.,  sally.  back  ;  with  reflexive  se,  to  re- 

gratia,  ae,  f . ,  injluence.  treat. 

inopia,  ae,  f .,  lack.  utor,  i,  usus  sum,  I  use. 


EXERCISES. 

263.  1.  Helvetii  inopia  omnium  rerum  adducti  legatos  de 
deditione  ad  Caesarem  miserunt.  2.  Equites  portis  eruptio- 
nem  faciunt.  3.  Hostes  equites  nostros  proelio  lacessere 
coeperunt.  4.    Galli    vulneribus    confecti    se    receperunt. 

5.    Opus  est  celeritate.         6.   Montem  multittidine  hominum 


124  The  Ablative. 

compleverunt.         7.   Hoc  ea  ratione  fecit.         8.   Tua  gratia, 
dignitate,   ope^  titi   volo.  9.   Eadem   celeritate    nocturno 

itinere  ad  mare  pervenit.         10.    Galli  cum  magno  detrimento 
repulsi   sunt.  11.   Helvetii   summa   celeritate   ex   flnibus 

Gallorum  excesserunt.  12.   Naves  his   causis   ad  terram 

redire  coactae  sunt. 

264.  1.  The  soldiers  had  been  exhausted  by  the  long 
march.  2.  We  shall  use  the  help  of  the  Gauls.  3.  The 
trenches  were  filled  by  the  soldiers  with  large  stones.  4.  We 
shall  need  cavalry  and  infantry.  5.  He  spoke  with  great 
dignity.  6.  From  fear  of  danger  the  envoys  withdrew  from 
the  camp.  7.  The  Helvetii  were  not  contented  with  their 
narrow  boundaries. 

The  Sibylline  Books. 

Anus  quaedam  incognita  ad  Tarquinium  regem  quondam 
adiit,  novem  libros  ferens,  quos^  esse  dicebat  oracula  divlna. 
Tarquinius  pretium  percontatus  est;  anus  multum  poposcit. 
Rex  derisit. 

Tum  ilia  tres  libros  ex  novem  combtirit ;  et  rediens  ^  idem 
pretium  postulat.     Tarquinius  multo  magis  risit. 

Anus  iterum  tres  alios  libros  comburit  atque  denuo  rogavit 
ut^  rex  tres  reliquos  eodem  pretio  emeret.  Tanta^  constantia 
victus  rex  libros  mercatus  est. 


1  In  Latin  the  conjunction  *  and '  is  often  omitted  between  the  last  two 
members  of  an  enumeration. 

2  quos  esse  dicebat:  which  she  said  were^  lit.  which  she  said  to  he. 

3  rediens :  present  participle  of  reded ;  §  132. 

4  ut  rex  emeret :  that  the  king  should  buy. 

5  tanta  constantia  victus :  conquered  by  so  great  persistency. 


CHAPTER  XLIV. 

THE  ABLATIVE   (Continued). 

INSTRUMENTAL  USES    (Continued). 

Ablative  of  Accompaniment. 

265.  The  Ablative  with  cum  is  used  to  denote  accom- 
paniment; as, — 

cum  comitibus  profectus  est,  he  set  out  with  his  attendants. 

Ablative  of  Degree  of  Difference. 

266.  The  Ablative  is  used  with  comparatives  and  words 
involving  comparison  (as  post,  ante,  infra,  supra ;  superare, 
surpass)  to  denote  the  degree  of  difference  ;  as,  — 

tribus  pedibus  altior,  three  feet  higher  (lit.  higher  by  three  feet). 

Ablative  of  Quality. 

267.  The  Ablative,  modified  by  an  adjective,  is  used  to 
denote  quality  ;  as,  — 

puella  eximia  forma,  a  girl  of  exceptional  beauty. 
1.   The  Ablative  of  Quality  may  also  be  used  predicatively ;  as,  — 
est  magna  prudentia,  he  is  (a  man)  of  great  wisdom. 

Ablative  of  Price. 

268.  With  verbs  of  buying  and  selling^  price  is  desig- 
nated by  the  Ablative ;  as,  — 

servum  quinque  minis  emit,  he  bought  the  slave  for  five  minae. 

Ablative  of  Specification. 

269.  The  Ablative  of  Specification  is  used  to  denote 
that  in  respect  to  which  something  is  or  is  done  ;  as,  — 

Helvetii  omnibus  Gallis  virtute  praestabant,  the  Helvetians 
surpassed  all  the  Gauls  in  valor. 
126 


126  The  Ablative. 

1.  Here  belongs  the  use  of  the  Ablative  with  dignus  and  indignus ; 
as, — 

honore  digni,  worthy  of  honor, 

270.  VOCABULARY. 

ante,  adv.,  before.  post,  afterwards. 

antecedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessunis,  solvo,  ere,  solvi,  solutus,  7  Zoose; 

I  precede.  of  ships,   unmoor;  naves  sol- 

auctoritas,  atis,  f.,  authority y  in-  vere,  set  sail. 

fluence.  supero,  1,  I  surpass. 

dignus,  a,  um,  worthy.  talentum,  i,  n.,   a  talent  (about 
fides,  ei,  f.,  confidence.  $1200). 

nihilo,  abl.,  hy  nothing.  vendo,  ere,   vendidi,  venditus, 
paulo,  abl.,  hy  a  little.  I  sell. 

EXERCISES. 

271.  1.  Ipse  cum  equitatu  antecedit.  2.  Panels  ante  die- 
bus  profecti  sumus.  3.  Paulo  post  naves  solvit.  4.  Ad- 
versum  proelium  equestre  panels  ante  diebus  factum  erat. 
5.  Haec  civitas  erat  magna  anctoritate.  6.  Nihilo  minus 
Helvetii  id,  quod  constituerant,  faeere  eonantur.  7.  Hos  agros 
sex  talentis  vendidit.  8.  Ille  dignus  est  fide.  9.  Omnes 
dignitate  superat.  10.  Tunis  deeem  pedibus  quam  munltio 
altior  fuit.  11.  Nonne  hie  homo  amieitia  vestra  dignus  est  ? 
12.  Nemo  te  anctoritate  superat.  13.  Galli  cum  magna 
manu  hoc  oppidum  oppugnare  coeperunt. 

272.  1.  Caesar  set  out  with,  four  legions.  2.  He  returned 
home  with  his  brother.  3.  A  few  years  before,  Caesar  had 
first  come  into  Gaul.  4.  A  few  years  after,  he  returned  to 
Rome.  5.  This  plan  is  much  better.  6.  This  house  was 
sold  for  ten  talents.  7.  Are  we  not  worthy  of  the  highest 
honor  ?  8.  This  man  surpassed  the  rest  in  virtue.  9.  The 
enemy  were  superior  in  number. 


CHAPTER    XLV. 

ABLATIVE   (Continued). 
Ablative  Absolute. 

273.  The  Ablative  Absolute  is  grammatically  inde- 
pendent of  the  rest  of  the  sentence.  In  its  commonest 
form  it  consists  of  a  noun  or  pronoun  limited  by  a 
participle ;    as,  — 

urbe  capta,  Aeneas  fugit,  when  the  city  had  been  captured^ 
Aeneas  fled  (lit.  the  city  having  been  captured). 

1.  Instead  of  a  participle  we  often  find  an  adjective  or  noun ;  as,  — 

VIVO  Caesare,  res  publica  salva  erat,  lohile  Caesar  was  alive 

the  state  was  safe  (lit.  Caesar  being  alive)  ; 
Centone  et  Tuditano  consulibus,  in  the  consulship  of  Cento 

and  Tuditanus  (lit.  Cento  and  Tuditanus  being  consuls), 

2.  The  Ablative  Absolute  may  be  equivalent  to  almost  any  kind  of 
a  subordinate  clause  in  English,  i.e.  to  a  clause  introduced  by  when,  as, 
since,  if,  though,  etc. 

LOCATIVE  USES  OF  THE  ABLATIVE. 

Ablative  of  Place. 

A.   Place  Inhere. 

274.  The  place  where  is  regularly  denoted  by  the  Ab- 
lative with  a  preposition  ;  as,  — 

in  urbe  habitat,  he  dwells  in  the  city, 

1.  But  names  of  towns  —  except  Singulars  of  the  First  and  Second 
Declensions  —  stand  in  the  Ablative  without  a  preposition ;  as,  — 

Carthagine,  at  Carthage ;  Athenis,  at  Athens, 
127 


128  The  Ablative. 

B.  Place  from  which.^ 

275.  Place  from  which  is  regularly  denoted  by  the  Ab- 
lative with  a  preposition  ;  as,  — 

ab  Italia  profectus  est,  he  set  out  from  Italy. 

1.  But  names  of  towns  and  small  islands  stand  in  the  Ablative 
without  a  preposition ;  as,  — 

Roma  profectus  est,  he  set  out  from  Rome. 

Ablative  of  Time. 

276.  The  Ablative  is  used  to  denote  the  time  at  which 
or  within  which  ;  as,  — 

quarta  hora  mortuus  est,  he  died  at  the  fourth  hour ; 
Stella  Saturni  triginta  annis  cursum  conficit,  the  planet 
Saturn  completes  its  orbit  within  thirty  years. 

The  Locative. 

277.  The  Locative  case  occurs  chiefly  in  the  following 
words :  — 

1.  Kegularly  in  the  Singular  of  names  of  towns  and  small  islands  of 
the  first  and  second  declensions,  to  denote  the  place  in  which ;  as, — 

R5mae,  at  Rome ;  Corinthi,  at  Corinth  (see  §  22,  3). 

2.  In  a  few  special  words,  as, — 

domi,  at  home  ;  humi,  on  the  ground. 

278.  VOCABULARY. 

Aprilis,  e,  adj.,  of  April.  Messalla,    ae,    m.,    Messalla   (a 
cogo,  ere,  coegi,  coactus,  /  col-  man's  name). 

led.  peditatus,  us,  m. ,  infantry. 

conjuratio,  onis,  f.,  conspiracy.  Pis6,6nis,m.,Piso  (a  man's  name). 

despero,  1,  I  despair.  Roma,  ae,  f.,  Borne. 

Kalendae,  arum,  f.,  Kalends  (first  tempus,  oris,  n.,  time. 

of  the  month) .  tertius,  a,  um,  third. 

M.,  abhreviation  for  Marcus,  i,  triduum,  i,  n.,  it^?'ee  da?/s. 

m.,  Marcus  (a  man's  name).  vigilia,  ae,  1,  watch  (of  the  night). 

1  Place  from  which,  though  strictly  a  ** Genuine  Ablative"  use,  is  treated 
here  for  the  sake  of  convenience. 


The  Ablative.  129 

EXERCISES. 

279.  1.  Barbari,  magna  multitudine  peditattis  coacta,^  ad 
castra  vengrunt.  2.  Is,  M.  Messalla  et  M.  Plsone  consulibus, 
conjurationem  fecit.  3.  Hostes,  insidiis  in  silvis  collocatis, 
adventum  Romanorum  exspectabant.  4.  Athenis  moraba- 
mur.  5.  Romae  erat  magnus  tumultus.  6.  Roma  in 
Galliam  contendit.  7.  A  Gallia  Romam  triduo  redibit. 
8.  Tertia  vigilia  e  castris  profectus  est.  9.  Eo  tempore 
milites  de  sua  salute  desperabant.  10.  Kalendis  Aprilibus 
has  litteras  misl.  11.  Ilia  nocte  insidias  Gallorum  reppere- 
runt.  12.  Hac  magna  classe  amissa,  ad  oram  Galliae  statim 
rediit.         13.  Roma  Athenas  rediimus. 

280.  1.  In  the  consulship  of  Pompey  and  Crassus  the  Ger- 
mans crossed  the  Rhine.  2.  When  these  tribes  had  been 
overcome  Caesar  returned  into  winter  quarters.  3.  In  these 
places  were  large  forests.  4.  He  remained  one  day  at  Geneva. 
5.  We  tarried  at  Athens.  6.  From  Athens  we  returned  to 
Rome.  7.  From  Rome  we  hurried  into  Gaul.  8.  We  set 
out  in  the  first  watch.  9.  You  were  consul  in  that  year. 
10.  Within  six  years  I  shall  be  consul. 

The  Trojan  Horse. 

Duces  Graecorum  fatis  repulsl  equum  aedificant  Instar^ 
montis.     In  hoc  viros  armatos  condunt.     Ipsi  a  Troja  abeunt. 

Trojani  loca  viderunt  deserta.  Itaque  portas  pandunt, 
exeunt,  equum  mirantur,  quem  denique  intra  muros  dticunt. 

Nox  erat  et  omnes  Trojani  somnum  placidum  carpebant, 
cum  Graeci  in  equo  incltisi  claustra  laxabant  atque  ipsI  exibant. 
Invadunt  urbem  somno  sepultam  et  Trojanos  occidunt.  Sic 
Troja  deleta  est. 

1  Avoid  translating  the  Ablative  Absolute  by  the  English  Nominative  Abso- 
lute.   Find  a  natural  English  equivalent. 

•^  instar  montis :  as  large  as  a  mountain  ;  rhetorical  exaggeration. 


CHAPTER  XLVL 

syntax  of  adjectives. 

adjectives  used  substantively. 

281.  1.  Plural  Adjectives  used  Substantively. 
Adjectives,  including  Possessive  Pronouns,  are  quite 
freely  used  as  Substantives  in  the  Plural.  The  Mascu- 
line denotes  persons ;  the  Neuter  denotes  things ;  as,  — 

docti,  learned  men;  nostri,  our  men;  parva,  small  things. 

2.  In  the  Singular,  Adjectives  are  not  often  used  as 
Substantives. 

adjectives  with  the  force  of  adverbs. 

282.  The  Latin  often  uses  an  Adjective  where  the  Eng- 
lish idiom  employs  an  Adverb  or  an  adverbial  phrase  ;  as,  — 

inviti  abeunt,  they  go  away  unwillingly  (lit.  unwilling), 

COMPARATIVES  AND  SUPERLATIVES. 

283.  1.  The  Comparative  often  corresponds  to  the  English  Posi- 
tive with  ^rather,'  ^somewhat,'  'too' ;  as, — 

senectus  est  loquacior,  old  age  is  rather  talkative. 

2.   So  the  Superlative  often  corresponds  to  the  Positive  with  *  very  * , 

^^'  vir  f ortissimus,  a  very  hrave  man. 

OTHER   PECULIARITIES. 

284.  1.  Certain  Adjectives  may  be  used  to  denote  a  part  of  an 
object,  chiefly  primus,  esztremus,  summus,  medius,  infimus,  imus ;  ^ 

^^'  summus  mons,  the  top  of  the  mountain. 

2.  Prior,  primus,  ultimus,  arid  postremus  are  frequently  equiva- 
lent to  a  relative  clause ;  as,  — 

primus  eam  vidi,  /  was  the  first  who  saw  her. 

1  In  this  use  the  Adjective  precedes  the  Noun. 
130 


Syntax  of  Adjectives.  131 

285.  VOCABULARY. 

abeo,  ire,  ii,  iturus,  go  away.  laetus,  a,  um,  glad, 

credo,  ere,  didi,  ditum,  believe.  nox,  noctis,  f.,  night. 

extremus,  a,  um,  extreme^  end  of.  plerique,  aeque,  aque,  most. 

gravis,  e,  heavy,  difficult.  procedo,   ere,   cessi,   cessurus, 

hiems,  is,  f.,  winter.  I  advance. 

hortor,  ari,  atus  sum,  /  exhort.  responded,   ere,    spondi,    spon- 

invitus,  a,  um,  unwilling.  sus,  I  answer^  reply. 


EXERCISES. 

286.  1.  Caesar  suos  hortatus  est.  2.  Plerique  haec  credunt. 
3.  Mihi  pauca  respondit.  4.  Invitus  haec  feci.  5.  Laetl 
abierunt  6.  Via  gravior  erat.  7.  humerus  legatorum 
erat  maximus.  8.  Usipetes  extrema  hieme  Ehenum  transie- 
runt.  9.  Galli  media  nocte  ex  castris  egressi  sunt.  10.  Galba 
primus  processit.  11.  Plerosque  legates  ab  hoc  colloquio 
invltos  abeuntes  vidimus. 

287.  1.  Our  (men)^  withstood  the  onset  of  the  barbarians. 
2.  I  said  all  these  (things)  in  the  senate.  3.  He  remembers 
many  (things).^  4.  Most  (persons)  heard  this.  5.  We 
glad(ly)  remained.  6.  I  replied  unwilling(ly).  7.  Our 
(men)  seized  the  top  of  the  mountain.  8.  In  the  last  (part 
of  the)  summer  we  were  informed  of  these  things.^  9.  We 
were  the  first  to  set  out.  10.  The  march  was  somewhat 
difficult. 

1  Words  in  parenthesis  are  not  to  be  translated. 

2  See  §  242,  footnote. 

3  The  substantive  use  of  neuter  pronouns  and  adjectives  is  regularly  con- 
fined to  the  Nominative  and  Accusative  Cases ;  res  must  be  used  here. 


CHAPTER  XL VII. 

SYNTAX  OF  PRONOUNS. 

PERSONAL  PRONOUNS. 

288.  1.  The  Personal  Pronouns  as  subjects  of  verbs 
are,  as  a  rule,  not  expressed  except  for  the  purpose  of 
emphasis,  contrast,  or  clearness.     Thus  ordinarily  :  — 

video,  /  see  ;  amat,  lie  loves. 

But  ego  te  video,  et  tu  me  vides,  /  see  you,  and  you  see  me. 

2.  The  Genitives  mei,  tui,  nostri,  vestri,  are  used  only  as  Objec^ 
tive  Genitives;  nostrum  and  vestrum  as  Genitives  of  the  Whole. 
1  nus  :  memor  tui,  mindful  of  you  ; 

nSm5  vestrum,  no  one  of  you. 

POSSESSIVE  PRONOUNS. 

289.  The  Possessive  Pronouns,  as  a  rule,  are  not 
employed  except  for  the  purpose  of  clearness.     Thus:  — 

patrem  amo,  /  love  my  father. 
But —  patrem  tuum  am5,  I  love  your  father, 

RECIPROCAL  PRONOUNS. 

290.  The  Latin  has  no  special  reciprocal  pronoun  Q each  other'), 
but  expresses  the  reciprocal  notion  by  the  phrases :  inter  nos,  inter 
vos,  inter  se,  or  by  the  simple  nos,  vos,  sS ;  as,  — 

Belgae  obsides  inter  se  dederunt,  the  Belgae  gave  each  other 
hostages  (lit.  among  themselves). 

DEMONSTRATIVE  PRONOUNS. 
Hic,  nie,  Iste. 

291.  1.  Where  hic  and  ille  are  used  in  contrast,  Mo  usually 
refers  to  the  latter  of  two  objects,  and  ille  to  the  former. 

2.  Iste  frequently  involves  contempt ;  as,  iste  homo,  that  fellow  1 

132 


Syntax  of  Pronouns.  138 

Ipse. 

292.  1.  Ipse,  literally  self,  acquires  its  special  force  from  the  con- 
text; as, — 

eo  ipso  die,  on  that  very  day ; 

ad  ipsam  ripam,  close  to  the  hank; 

ipso  terrore,  hy  mere  fright. 

PKONOMINAL  ADJECTIVES. 

293.  1.  Alius,  another,  and  alter,  the  other,  are  often  used  correla- 
tively;  as, — 

aliud  loquitur,   aliud    sentit,   he  says    one    thing,   he   thinks 

another  ; 
alter   exercitum   perdidit,   alter   vendidit,   one  ruined    the 

army,  the  other  sold  it, 

294.  VOCABULARY. 

cedo,    ere,    cessi,    cessurus,    /  institutum,  T,  n.,  institution, 

yield,  loithdraio.  laus,  laudis,  f.,  praise. 

conicio,    ere,    conjeci,    conjee-  mereor,    eri,    meritus    sum,    I 
tus,  /  hurl.  deserve. 

differo,    ferre,    distuli,    dilatus,  misericordia,  ae,  f.,  |)%. 

/  differ.  premo,   ere,   pressi,   pressus,  / 

exitus,  us,  m.,  exit,  passage.  press,  crowd. 

fiducia,  ae,  1,  confidence,  subeo,  ire,  ii,  iturus,  I  approach, 

EXERCISES. 

295.  1.  Tua  nostrl  fiducia  mihi  grata  est.  2.  Multi  ves- 
trum  laudem  merit!  sunt.  3.  Misericordia  vestri  movebar. 
4.  Hostes  in  exitti  portarum  sese  premebant.  5.  Galii  insti- 
tutis  atque  legibus  inter  se  differunt.  6.  Nostri  ipsa  multi- 
tudine  navium  perterrebantur.  7.  Ipsa  loci  nattira  periculum 
repellebat.  8.  Ne  eo  quidem  tempore  quisquam  loco  cessit. 
9.  Harum  filiarum  altera  occisa,^  altera  capta  est.  10.  Alii 
tela  coniciunt,  alii  vallum  subeunt. 

1  Supply  est  from  the  following  capta  est. 


134  Syntax  of  Pronouns. 

296.  1.  I  was  touched  by  your  recollection  of  me.  2.  Part 
of  us  went  away*  3.  Your  pity  of  us  touched  my  father. 
4.  He  was  driven  out  by  his  own  ^  fellow-citizens.  5.  They 
had  long  contended  with^  each  other.  6.  We  have  long  con- 
tended with  each  other.  7.  Some  fought  with  swords,  others 
with  javelins.  8.  One  was  killed,  another  fled.  9.  The 

one  fled,  the  other  was  captured. 

REVIEW. 

1.  Sequanos  et  Helvetios  obsides  inter  se  dare  jussit. 
2.  Ea  ipsa  nocte  hic  nobilis  captivus  ad  suos  ftigit.  3»  A 
suis  interfectus  est.  4.  Nostri  multittidine  harum  navium 
perterriti    sunt.  5.   Alius    nos    laudabit,    alius    culpabit. 

6.  BonI  non  sunt  semper  pulchri.  7.  Primus  proelium  iniit 
et  ultimus  decessit.  8.  Hae  dissensiones  civium  nunc  multo 
crebriores  fuerunt.  9.  De  his  rebus  extrema  hieme  certior 
f actus  es.  10.  Decem  equites  RomanI  plus  vigintl  Germanos 
a  castris  reppulerunt.  11.  Hic  minus  biduum  morati  eramus. 
12.   Minima  diligentia  tisus  es.  13.   Agricolae  his  parvis 

agris  content!  non  erunt. 

1  his  own :  use  the  proper  form  of  suus. 

2  Compare  the  fifth  sentence  in  the  Latin  exercise. 


CHAPTER   XLVIII. 

THE  SUBJUNCTIVE  IN  INDEPENDENT  SENTENCES. 

297.  The  Subjunctive  is  used  in  Independent  Sentences 
to  express  something  — 

1.  As  willed  —  Vplitive  Subjunctive ;  - 

2.  As  desired  —  Optative  Subjunctive  ; 

3.  Conceived  of  as  possible  —  Potential  Subjunctive. 

VOLITIVE   SUBJUNCTIVE. 

298.  The  Volitive  Subjunctive  has  the  following  va- 
rieties :  — 

A.   Hortatory  Subjunctive. 

299.  The  Hortatory  Subjunctive  expresses  an  exhorta- 
tion. This  use  is  confined  to  the  first  person  plural  of  the 
Present.     The  negative  is  ne.     Thus  :  — 

eamus,  let  us  go  ; 

ne  desperemus,  let  us  not  despair, 

B.  Jussive  Subjunctive. 

300.  The  Jussive  Subjunctive  expresses  a  command. 
The  Jussive  stands  regularly  in  the  Present  Tense,  and 
is  used,  — 

1.  Most  frequently  in  the  third  singular  and  third  plural ;  as,  — 

dicat,  let  him  tell, 

2.  Negative  commands,  i.e.  prohibitions,  are  rarely,  expressed  by  the 
Subjunctive,  but  usually  by  means  of  noli  (nolite),  with  a  following 
infinitive ;  as,  — 

noli  hoc  facere,  donU  do  this  (lit.  be  unwilling  to  do)  I 
135 


136  Subjunctive  in  Independent  Sentences, 

C.   Deliberative  Subjunctive. 

301.  The  Deliberative  Subjunctive  is  used  in  questions 
and  exclamations  implying  doubt  or  indignation.  The  Pres- 
ent is  used  referring  to  present  time,  the  Imperfect  referring 
to  past.     The  negative  is  non.     Thus  :  — 

quid  f aciam,  what  shall  I  do? 

quid  f acerem,  what  was  I  to  do  1 

hunc  ego  non  diligam,  shall  I  not  cherish  this  man  f 

a.   These  Deliberative  Questions  are  usually  purely  Rhetorical  in 
character,  and  do  not  expect  an  answer. 

302.  VOCABULARY. 

accedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessurus,  /  disciplina,  ae,  f.,  discipline. 

draw  near.  mos,  m5ris,  m.,  custom. 

consido,  ere,  sedi,  I  settle.  ne,  not. 

euro,  1,  I  care  for ^  take  care  of.  retineo,  ere,  uT,  tentus,  I  retain, 

desists,  ere,  destiti,  I  cease.  siimo,    ere,    sumpsi,    sumptus, 
dimittd,  ere,  misi,  missus,  I  let  go.  I  take. 

EXERCISES. 

303.  1.  Mores  atque  discipllnam  majorum  retineamus ! 
2.  Hanc  occasionem  ne  dimittamus !  3.  Omnes  proelio  de- 
sistant!  4.  Haec  ciirentur !  5.  Ille  accedat!  6.  Noli 
discedere !  7.  Nollte,  nnlites,  officia  vestra  deserere ! 
8.  Hunc  virum  non  defenderem  ?  9.  Quare  non  hic  consi- 
damus?  10.  Quid  stimam !  11.  Nemo  incolas  htijns 
insulae  lacessat.  12.  Noli  talia  verba  probare  !  13.  Ami- 
corum  meminerimus !  14.  Quid  hic  adulescens  diceret  ? 
15.  Hunc  hominem  non  mirer!  16.  Omnes  amici  mei  me 
defendant ! 

304.  1.  Let  us  withstand  the  onset  of  the  enemy  !  2.  Let 
us  not  abandon  our  duty  !        3.  Let  Ariovistus  return  home ! 


Subjunctive  in  Independent  Sentences,  137 

4.  Let  the   Germans  not  ravage   the  fields   of    the   Gauls! 

5.  Were   we   not   to   keep  the   Germans   away   from   Gaul? 

6.  Do  not  go  away!         7.   Do  not  join  battle!         8.   What 
are  we  to  do? 

The  Haunted  House.     Part  I. 

Erat  Athenis  domus  spatiosa,  sed  per  silentium  noctis  sonus 
ferri  et  vinculorum  ibi  audiebatur ;  mox  apparebat  idolon,  senex 
promissa  barba.^    Manibus  ^  catenas  gerebat  et  quatiebat.^ 

Hinc  domus  deserta  et  illi  idolo  relicta  est. 

Yenit  Athenas  philosophus,  Athenodorus,  legit  titulum, 
omnia*  docetur,  ac  nihilominus  domum  conducit. 

Ubi  coepit  ^  advesperascere,  poscit  stilum  et  lumen ;  servos 
suos  in  interiora  ^  dimittit ;  ipse  ad  ^  librum  animum  et  oculos 
intendit. 

1  promissa  barba :  with  a  long  heard ;  §  267. 

2  Manibus :  on  its  hands. 

3  quatiebat :  shook  them. 

4  omnia :  §  213,  3. 

s  ubi  coepit :  when  it  began. 

6  in  interiora :  into  the  inner  part  (of  the  house), 

7  ad :  upon. 


CHAPTER  XLIX. 

OPTATIVE   SUBJUNCTIVE.— POTENTIAL    SUBJUNC- 
TIVE.—THE   IMPERATIVE. 

OPTATIVE   SUBJUNCTIVE. 

305.  The  Optative  Subjunctive  occurs  in  expressions 
of  wishing.  The  negative  is  regularly  ne.  The  use  of 
tenses  is  as  follows :  — 

1.  The  Present  Tense,  often  accompanied  by  utinam,  is  used 
where  the  wish  is  conceived  of  as  possible. 

di  istaec  prohibeant,  may  the  gods  prevent  that ! 
ne  veniant,  may  they  not  come  ! 

2.  The  Imperfect  expresses,  in  the  form  of  a  wish,  the  regret  that 
something  is  not  so  now  ;  the  Pluperfect,  that  something  was  not  so  in 
the  past.  The  Imperfect  and  Pluperfect  are  regularly  accompanied 
by  utinam ;  as,  — 

^      utinam  istud  ex  animo  diceres,  would  that  you  were  saying 
that  in  earnest!  (i.e.  I  regret  that  you  are  not  saying  it  in 
earnest)  ; 
utinam  venisset,  would  that  he  had  come. 

POTENTIAL   SUBJUNCTIVE. 

306.  The  force  of  the  Potential  Subjunctive  is  ex- 
pressed by  the  English  auxiliaries  should.,  would.  Both 
the  Present  and  Perfect  tenses  occur,  and  without  appre- 
ciable difference  of  meaning,  as,  — 

fortunam  facilius  reperias  quam  retineas,  you   would  find 
Fortune  more  easily  than  you  would  hold  her. 

1.  The  negative  of  the  Potential  Subjunctive  is  non. 

2.  May  and  can-Potentials  are  so  rare  that  the  student  should  not 
venture  to  use  these  auxiliaries  in  rendering  the  Latin  Potential. 

138 


The  Imperative.  139 

THE  IMPERATIVE. 

307.  The  Imperative  is  used  in  commands^  admonitions^ 
and  entreaties  (negative  ne) ;  as,  — 

egredere  ex  urbe,  depart  from  the  city; 
mihi  ignosce,  pardon  me  ; 
vale,  farewell. 

1.  The  Present  is  the  tense  of  the  Imperative  most  commonly  used. 

2.  Except  with  the  Future  Imperative  the  negative  is  not  used  in 
classical  prose. 

308.  VOCABULARY. 

aestas,  atis,  f.,  summer.  intellego,    ere,    lexi,    lectus,    I 
averts,    ere,    verti,    versus,     I  know,  understand. 

avert.  jus,  juris,  n.,  rights  power. 

consumo,  ere,  sumpsi,  sumptus,  opera,  ae,  f . ,  assistance. 

I  use  up.  patior,  i,  passus  sum,  /  suffer, 

do,  dSxe,  dedi,  datus,  /  give,  ten-  utinam,  affirmative  particle. 

der.  vinco,  ere,  vici,  victus,  /  con- 
facilis,  e,  easy.  quer. 

EXERCISES. 

309.  1.  Haec  suspicio  avertatur !  2.  Utinam  pater  mens 
haec  intellegeret !  3.  Utinam  hanc  aestatem  in  his  operibus 
ne  consumpsissemus  !  4.  Illi  ne  vincant.  5.  Nemo  haec 
supplicia  patiatur.  6.  Hoc  facilius  videatur.  7.  Auxilium 
a  te  non  postulem.  8.  Vestro  duel,  milites,  operam  date. 
9.  Consules  summum  jus  habento.  10.  Hi  legati  laeti 
discedant.  11.  Quis  haec  consilia  probet?  12.  Velim 
hanc  rem  melius  intellegere.  13.  Relinquite  huuc  locum  et 
domum  redite  !         14.   Utinam  opera  tua  tisus  essem ! 

310.  1.  Would  that  we  had  better  defended  the  lives  and 
fortunes  of  our  fellow-citizens!  2.  May  our  country  not 
suffer  any  harm  !  3.  Would  that  these  soldiers  were  braver ! 
4.  Would  we  had  not  abandoned  our  duty  !  5.  What  would 
seem  better?  6.  I  should  scarcely  believe  this.  7.  De- 
fend, fellow-citizens,  the  common  safety. 


CHAPTER  L. 

MOODS  IN  DEPENDENT   CLAUSES. 
CLAUSES  OF  PURPOSE. 

311.  1.  Clauses  of  Purpose  are  introduced  most  com- 
monly by  ut  (uti),  quo  (that^  in  order  thaf)^  ng  (m  order 
that  not^  lest^^  and  stand  in  the  Subjunctive ;  as,  — 

edimus,  ut  vivamus,  we  eat  that  we  may  live. 

adjuta  me  quo  hoc  fiat  facilius,  help  me,  in  order  that  this  may 

he  done  more  easily. 
portas  clausit,  ne  quam  oppidanT  injuriam  acciperent,  he 

closed  the  gates,  lest  the  townspeople  should  receive  any  injury. 

a.    Quo,  as  a  rule,  is  employed  only  when  the  purpose  clause  con- 
tains a  comparative. 

2.  A  Relative  Pronoun  (qui)  or  Adverb  (ubi,  unde,  quo)  is  fre- 
quently used  to  introduce  a  Purpose  Clause ;  as,  — 

Helvetii  legatos  mittunt  qui  dicerent,  ike  Helvetii  sent  envoys 
to  say  (lit.  who  should  say). 

SEQUENCE  OF  TENSES. 

312.  1.  In  all  dependent  clauses,  the  tenses  of  the  Sub- 
junctive usually  conform  to  the  so-called  'Sequence  of 
Tenses.'  By  the  Sequence  of  Tenses,  Principal  Tenses 
of  the  Indicative  are  followed  by  Principal  Tenses  of  the 
Subjunctive,  Historical  by  Historical. 

2.  The  Principal  Tenses  of  the  Indicative  are  :  Present, 
Future,  Present  Perfect,  Future  Perfect. 

The  Historical  Tenses  are :  Imperfect,  Historical  Per- 
fect, Pluperfect. 

3.  In  the  Subjunctive  the  Present  and  Perfect  are 
Principal  tenses,  the  Imperfect  and  Pluperfect,  Historical. 

140 


Sequence  of  Tenses,  141 

Examples  of  Sequence. 

PRINCIPAL    SEQUENCE, — 

video  quid  facias,  /  see  what  you  are  doing. 
videbo  quid  facias,  /  sliall  see  tvhat  you  are  doing, 
videro  quid  facias,  /  shall  have  seen  what  you  are  doing, 
video  quid  feceris,  /  see  what  you  have  done. 
videbo  quid  feceris,  /  shall  see  what  you  have  done. 
videro  quid  feceris,  /  shall  have  seen  what  you  have  done, 

HISTORICAL    SEQUENCE, — 

videbam  quid  faceres,  /  saw  what  you  were  doing. 
vidi  quid  faceres,  1  saw  what  you  were  doing. 
videram  quid  faceres,  /  had  seen  what  you  were  doing, 
videbam  quid  fecisses,  /  saw  what  you  had  done. 
vidi  quid  fecisses,  /  saw  what  you  had  done. 
videram  quid  fecisses,  1  had  seen  lohat  you  had  done. 

4.  The  Present  and  Imperfect  Subjunctive  denote  incomplete 
action,  the  Perfect  and  Pluperfect  completed  action. 

313.  VOCABULARY. 

Aquitania,   ae,   f.,  Aquitania,  a  motus,  us,  m.,  revolt.  , 

district  of  Gaul.  ne,  lest,  that  ,  .  .  not. 

conjungo,   ere,   junxi,   junctus,  quo,  in  order  that. 

I  unite.  remaneo,  ere,  mansi,  mansurus, 

Crassus,  i,  m.,  Crassus  (a  man's  I  remain. 

name).  ut,  that,  in  order  that. 

exsisto,  ere,  exstiti,  I  arise. 

EXERCISES. 

314.  1.  Crassus  in  Aquitaniam  proficiscitur,  ne  tantae  na- 
tiones  conjungantur.  2.  Locum  castris  idoneum  delegit  ne 
commeatu  prohiberetur.  3.  Caesar  cum  equitatti  proficisci- 
tur ne  ullus^  motus  exsistat.  4.  Nonntilli  reraanebant  ut 
suspicionem  timoris  vitarent.  5.  Quo  iter  expeditius  faceret, 
impedimenta  rellquit.  6.  Legatos  misit  qui  haec  nuntiarent. 
7.  Castra  in  locis  superioribus  posuit  ne  quis  ^  ea  oppugnaret. 

1  In  Latin  we  regularly  find  ne  quis  =  in  order  that  no  (one) ;  ne  uUus  =  in 
order  that  no,  etc. 


142  Moods  in  Dependent  Clauses. 

8.  IJnam  legionem  reliqnit,  quae  castra  defenderet.  9.  Bar- 
baros  expulimus  ut  vos  timore  et  periculis  liberaremus. 
10.    Oppidum  munlmus  quo  cives  hostibus  facilius  resistant. 

315.  1.  We  did  these  (things)  that  we  might  be  free. 
2.  We  do  these  (things)  that  we  may  be  free.  3.  Caesar 
chose  men  to  fortify  the  camp.  4.  We  put  Galba  in  charge 
of  the  captives  in  order  that  none  ^  should  flee.  5.  We  forti- 
fied the  camp  with  a  trench  in  order  that  we  might  more  easily 
defend  it.  6.  Caesar  joined  battle,  in  order  that  greater 
armies  might  not  assemble. 

The  Haunted  House.    Part  II. 

Primo  tantum  ^  silentium  noctis ;  deinde  Athenodorus  sonum 
ferri  et  vinculorum  audit.  Eespicit  atque  videt  imaginem  de 
qua  audierat.     Haec  stabat  et  digito  innuebat. 

Sine  mora  Athenodorus  lumen  tollit  et  sequitur. 

Imago  lento  gradti  ibat,  quasi  vinculls  gravis.  Postquam  in 
aream  deflexit,  repente  delapsa  Athenodorum  deserit.  Postero 
die  magistrattis  adit;  eos  monet  ut^  jubeant  ilium  locum  effodi. 
Inveniuntur  ossa  hominis  catenis  innexa. 


1  Translate,  lest  any. 

2  tantum:  lit.  only ;  i.e.  there  was  only. 

3  ut  jubeant :  that  they  bid. 


CHAPTER   LI. 

CLAUSES   OF  CHARACTERISTIC  —RESULT   CLAUSES.— 
CAUSAL    CLAUSES. 

CLAUSES   OF   CHARACTERISTIC. 

316.  1.  A  relative  clause  used  to  express  some  quality 
or  characteristic  of  an  indefinite  or  general  antecedent  is 
called  a  Clause  of  Characteristic,  and  stands  in  the  Sub- 
junctive;  as, — 

multa  sunt,  quae  mentem  acuant,  there  are  many  things 
which  sharpen  the  wits. 

2.  Clauses  of  Characteristic  are  used  especially  after  such  expres- 
sions as  est  qui;  sunt  qui;  nemo  est  qui;  unus  est  qui;  quis 
est  qui ;  etc.     Thus  :  — 

sunt  qui  dicant,  there  are  (some)  who  say  ; 
nemo  est  qui  putet,  there  is  nobody  who  thinks. 

RESULT  CLAUSES. 

317.  Clauses  of  Result  are  usually  introduced  by  ut 
Qhat,  so  that)^  negative  ut  non  (so  that  nof),  and  take  the 
Subjunctive.     Thus  :  — 

mons  altissimus  impendebat,  ut  perpauci  prohibere  pos- 
sent,  a  very  high  mountain  overhung^  so  that  a  very  few 
could  stop  them. 

CAUSAL  CLAUSES. 

318.  Causal  Clauses  are  introduced  chiefly  by  the  fol- 
lowing particles  :    1.   quod,  quia,  quoniam ;    2.   cum. 

143 


144  Causal  Glauses, 

319.  The  use  of  moods  is  as  follows  :  — 

1.  Quod,  quia,  quoniam  take  the  Indicative  when  the 
.  reason  is  that  of  the  writer  or  speaker;  they  take  the  Sub- 
junctive when  the  reason  is  viewed  as  that  of  another. 
Thus:  — 

Parthos  timeo  quod  diffido  copiis  nostris,  I  fear  the  Par- 

thianSy  because  I  distrust  our  troops. 
Socrates    accusttus   est   quod  corrumperet  juventutem, 

Socrates  was  arraigned  on  the  ground  that  he  was  corrupting 
the  young.  (Here  the  reason  is  not  that  of  the  writer  but 
of  the  accuser.     Hence  the  Subjunctive.) 

2.  Cum  causal  regularly  takes  the  Subjunctive  ;  as,  — 

quae  cum  ita  sint,  since  this  is  so. 

320.  VOCABULARY. 

accidit,  ere,  accidit,  it  happens.  paucitas,  atis,  f.,  fewness,  small 
appropinquo,  1,  I  approach.  number. 

barbarus,  a,  um,  barbarous.  quod,  because. 

commutatio,  onis,  f.,  change.  quoniam,  inasmuch  as,  conj. 

consisto,  ere,  constiti,  I  consist.  renovo,  1,  I  renew. 

cum,  because,  since.  scio,  scire,  scivl,  scitus,  I  know, 

despicio,  ere,  exi,  ectus,  I  despise,  sublevo,  1 ,  /  relieve, 

juro,  1,  I  swear,  take  oath.  tam,  so  (of  degree). 

obsideo,    ere,    sedi,    sessus,    /  unus,  a,  um,  alone, 
blockade. 

EXERCISES. 

321.  1.  Nemo  erat  qui  non  juraret.  2.  Multi  sunt  qui  haec 
sciaiit.  3.  Nulla  via  erat  quae  non  obsideretur.  4.  Caesaris 
adventti  tanta  commutatio  rerum  facta  est  ut  nostri  proelium 
renovarent.  5.  Non  tam  barbarus  sum,  ut  haec  non  sciam. 
6.  Caesar  Gallos  accusat  quod  ab  eis  non  sublevetur.  7.  Hoc 
acciderat  quod  Galli  legionem  nostram  propter  paucitatem  de- 
spiciebant.  8.  Quoniam  German!  appropinquant,  castra 
movebimus.  9.   Hostes  acriter  pugnaverunt,  cum  in  una 


Causal  Clauses.  145 

virttite  omnis  spes  saltitis  consisteret.  10.  Nemo  erat  qui 
redire  vellet.  11.  Caesar  angustias  obsederat,  ut  hostes  ex 
finibus  suis  exire  non  possent. 

322.  1.  Who  is  there  that^  says  these  (things)  ?  2.  These 
soldiers  were  so  brave  that  they  feared  no  one.  3.  The  enemy 
were  so  terrified  that  they  fled  into  the  forests.  4.  This  place 
was  such  that  our  (men)  could  easily  defend  it.  5.  Inasmuch 
as  these  (things)  are  so,  we  shall  remain  in  this  place.  6.  Be- 
cause no  one  else  was  present,  he  accused  us.  7.  He  accused 
you  because  (=  on  the  ground  that)  you  did  not  resist  the  enemy. 

The  Sword  of  Damocles. 

Damocles,  quidam  ex  assentatoribus  Dionysii,  tyranni  Syra- 
ctisani,  opes  ejus  et  magnificentiam  commemorabat.  "Visne 
igitur ''  inquit  "  f ortunam  meam  experlrl  ?  "  Tum  tyrannus 
jussit  Damoclem  in  lecto  aureo  collocarl.  Aderant  unguenta 
et  coronae ;  mensae  epulis  exquisitis  atque  vino  instruebantur. 
Damocles  sibi  forttinatus  videbatur.  Sed  in  medio  apparatu 
gladium  super  caput  suum  seta  equina  pendentem  videbat. 
Itaque  ne^  manum  quidem  in^  mensam  porrigere  audgbat, 
atque  tyrannum  oravit  ut  sibi  liceret  abire.'* 

1  Observe  that  this  is  the  relative  that. 

2  ne  .  .  .  quidem,  not  even. 

3  in  mSnsam,  toward  the  table. 

4  ut  sibi  liceret,  lit  that  it  he  permitted  to  himself  ^  i.e.  that  he  be  permitted 


CHAPTER  LIT. 

TEMPORAL   CLAUSES. 

TEMPORAL  CLAUSES  INTRODUCED  BY  Postquam,  lit,  Uhi, 
Simul  ACf  etc, 

323.  1.  Postquam,  after ;  ut,  ubi,  when;  simul  ac  (simul 
atque),  as  soon  as^  when  used  to  refer  to  a  single  past  occur- 
rence^ regularly  take  the  Perfect  Indicative ;  as,  — 

Epaminondas  postquam  audivit  vicisse  Boeotios^ '  Satis  * 
inquit  ^  vixi/  Epaminondas^  after  he  heard  thai  the  Boeotians 
had  conquered,  said,  'I  have  lived  enough.^ 

2.  In  English  we  often  use  the  Pluperfect  after  the  corresponding 
particles,  but  the  Latin  holds  regularly  to  the  Perfect. 

TEMPORAL   CLAUSES  INTRODUCED  BY   Cum. 

A,     Cum   REFERRING    TO    THE    PaST. 

324.  Cum,  when  referring  to  the  past,  takes  — 

A.  The  Indicative  (Imperfect,  Historical  Perfect,  or 
Pluperfect)  to  denote  the  point  of  time  at  which  something 
occurs. 

B.  The  Subjunctive  (Imperfect  or  Pluperfect)  to  denote 
the  situation  or  circumstances  under  which  something  occurs. 

Examples :  — 
Indicative. 

eras  consul,  cum  mea  domus  IrdSbat,  you  were  consul  at 
the  time  when  my  house  burned  up. 

Subjunctive. 

cum  hoc  dixisset,  omnes  abierunt,  when  he  had  said  this^ 
all  went  away, 

146 


Temporal  Clauses.  147 

B.     Cum   REFERRING    TO    THE    PRESENT    OR    FuTURE. 

325.  When  cum  refers  to  the  Present  or  Future,  it  regu- 
larly takes  the  Indicative ;  as,  — 

tum  tua  res  agitur,  paries  cum  proximus  ardet,  your  own 
interests  are  at  stake  when  your  neighbor's  house  is  burning. 

326.  VOCABULARY. 

animadverts,  ere,  verti,  versus,  exeo,  ire,  ii,  exiturus,  /  go  out, 

I  notice.  go  forth. 

cognosco,    ere,    novT,    nitus,    I  factio,  onis,  f . ,  faction. 

learn^  become  acquainted  loith.  postquam,  after,  conj. 

comperio,  ire,  peri,  pertus,  /  find  quaere,  ere,  quaesivi,  quaesitus, 

out.  I  inquire. 

cum,  when,  conj.  simul  ac  (atque),  as  soon  as. 

eicio,    ere,     ejecT,     ejectus,     I  subduco,  ere,  diixi,  ductus,  / 

thrust    out;    se    eicere, "  rush  withdraw. 

forth,  ubi,  when, 

EXERCISES. 

327.  1.  Postqnam  id  animadvertit,  Caesar  copias  suas  in 
collem  proximum  subduxit.  2.  Caesar  ubi  id  comperit,  se 
in  Galliam  recepit.  3.  Simul  ac  te  vidi,  hoc  sensi.  4.  Cum 
Caesar  in  Galliam  venit,  duae  factiones  erant.  5.  Caesar 
cum  ex  captivis  quaereret,  hanc  causam  reperiebat.  6.  Cum 
ad  id  oppidum  accessisset,  pueri  mulieresque  pacem  petiverunt. 
7.  Ut  equitatus  noster  se  in  agros  ejecit,  hostes  ex  silvis  exi- 
bant.  8.  Cum  venies,  cognosces.  9.  Postquam  amicos 
tuos  ibi  vidi,  ad  te  redii.  10.  Eo  anno  cum  Cicero  consul 
erat  hae  insidiae  compertae  sunt. 

328.  1.  After  Caesar  had  made  the  bridge,  he  marched 
into  Germany.  2.  When  he  had  heard  these  (things),  he 
went  away.  3.  As  soon  as  I  saw  you,  I  entreated  your  help. 
4.  On  that  day  when  you  spoke  in  the  senate,  very  many  were 
present.  5.  When  the  Gauls  had  seen  our  (men),  they  fled 
into  the  forests. 


CHAPTER    LIII. 

TEMPORAL   CLAUSES    (Continued). 
CLAUSES  INTRODUCED  BY  Antequam  AND  Priusquam. 

A.  With  the  Indicative. 

329.  Antequam  and  priusquam  (often  written  ante  .  .  . 
quam,  prius  .  .  .  quam)  take  the  Indicative  to  denote  an 
actual  fact. 

1.  Sometimes  the  Present  or  Future  Perfect;  as, — 
prius  respondes  quam  rogo,  you  answer  before  I  ask. 

nihil  contra  disputabo  priusquam  dixerit,  /  will  say  nothing 
in  opposition,  before  he  speaks. 

2.  Sometimes  the  Perfect,  especially  after  negative  clauses ;  as,  — 
non   prius   jugulandi  finis   fuit,  quam  Sulla  omnes  suos 

divitiis   explevit,  there  was  no  end  of  murder  until  Sulla 
satisfied  all  his  henchmen  with  wealth. 

B.  With  the  Subjunctive. 

330.  Antequam  and  priusquam  take  the  Subjunctive  to 
denote  an  act  as  anticipated. 

priusquam  telum  adici  posset,  omnis  acies  terga  vertit, 

before  a  spear  could  be  hurled,  the  whole  army  fi^ed. 

CLAUSES  INTRODUCED  BY  JOum,  JDonec,  Quoad.  ' 

331.  I.  Dum,  while^  regularly  takes  the  Present  Indica- 
tive with  the  force  of  an  Imperfect ;  as,  — 

Alexander,  dum  inter  primores  pugnat,  sagitta  ictus  est, 

A  lexander,  while  he  was  fighting  in  the  van,  was  struck  by  an 
arrow. 

II.  Dum,  donee,  and  quoad,  as  long  as,  take  the  Indica- 
tive; as, — 

dum  anima  est,  spSs  est,  as  long  as  there  is  life  there  is  hope. 
148 


Temporal  Clauses.  149 

III,    Dum,  donee,  and  quoad,  until^  take  — 

1.  The  Indicative,  to  denote  an  actual  event ;  as,  — 
donee  rediit,  fuit  silentium,  there  was  silence  till  he  came. 

2.  The  Subjunctive,  to  denote  anticipation  or  expec- 
tancy;  as, — 

exspectavit  Caesar  dum  naves  convenirent,  Caesar  waited 
for  the  ships  to  assemble, 

332.  VOCABULARY. 

adversarius,  ii,  m.,  adversary.  dum,  ivhile;  as  long  as;  until. 

ago,  ere,  egi,  actus,  I  do.  magistratus,  us,  m.,  magistrate. 

antequam,  before.  Massilia,  ae,  f.,  Marseilles. 

communio,    ire,    ivi   (ii),  itus,  perficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus,  I  ac- 

strongly  fortify.  complish. 

Domitius,  i  (ii),  m.,  Domitius  (a  priusquam,  before. 

man's  name).  silentium,  i  (ii),  n.,  silence. 

ddnec,  until,  tamen,  nevertheless^  yet. 

EXERCISES. 

333.  1.  Hunc  collem  occupat  priusquam  ab  adversariis  sen- 
tiatur.  2.  Antequam  haec  perficerem,  abiit.  3.  Antequam 
ad  causam  redeo,  de  me  pauca  dicam.  4.  Non  prius  fuga 
destiterunt  quam  ad  Rhenum  pervenerunt.  5.  Dum  haec 
inter  eos  aguntur,  Domitius  Massiliam  pervenit.  6.  Huic 
magistratui  restiti,  dum  potui.  7.  Donee  rediisti,  nos  ibi 
remansimus.  8.  Caesar  exspectavit  dum  haec  mandata  ad 
hostes  perferrentur.  9.  Haec  dixit  antequam  nos  vidit. 
10.  Exspectabimus  dum  ceterl  amlci  nostri  accedant.  11.  Ex- 
spectavl  dum  ceteri  amici  mel  accesserunt. 

334»  1.  Before  he  set  out  for^  Britain,  Caesar  fitted  his  ships 
out  with  all  things  2.  We  did  not  set  out,  before  we  informed 
you  of  our  plan.  3.  Before  I  set  out,  I  shall  inform  the  senate  of 
my  plans.  4.  While  the  troops  were  assembling,  Caesar  con- 
sulted with  the  tribunes.  5.  As  long  as  Caesar  was  in  Gaul,  he 
was  waging  war.        6.  We  waited  six  days  till  you  should  come. 

1  I.e.  into. 


CHAPTER   LIV. 

SUBSTANTIVE   CLAUSES. 

335.  A  Substantive  Clause  is  one  which  as  a  whole 
serves  as  the  Subject  or  Object  of  a  verb,  or  denotes  some 
other  case  relation. 

SUBSTANTIVE    CLAUSES   DEVELOPED    FROM   THE   JUSSIVE. 

336.  These  are  generally  used  as  object-clauses,  and 
occur  especially  with  the  following  classes  of  verbs  :  — 

1.  With  verbs  signifying  to  admonish^  request,  command  (conjunc- 
tions ut,  ne)  ;  as,  — 

postulo  ut  fiat,  I  demand  that  it  he  done  (dependent  form  of 

the  Jussive  fiat,  let  it  he  done  /)  ; 
orat  ne  abeas,  he  hegs  that  you  will  not  go  away. 
a.   Jubeo,  command,  order,  regularly  takes  the  Infinitive. 

2.  With  verbs  signifying  to  grant,  concede  (conjunction  ut)  ;  as,  — 
huic  concedo,  ut  ea  praetereat,  I  allow  him  to  pass  that  hy 

(dependent  form  of  the  Jussive  ea  praetereat,  let  him  pass 
that  hy}. 

3.  With  verbs  of  deciding,  resolving,  etc.  (conjunctions  ut,  ne)  ; 
as, — 

dScrSvit  senatus  ut  Opimius  videret,  the  senate  decreed  that 
Opimius  should  see  to  it  (dependent  form  after  an  historical 
tense  of  the  Jussive,  Opimius  videat,  let  Opimius  see). 

SUBSTANTIVE   CLAUSES  AFTER   VERBS   OF   HINDEBINa. 

337.  These  are   introduced  by  ne,   quominus,   or  quin, 

and  take  the  Subjunctive;  as, — 

ne  lustrum  perficeret,  mors  prohibuit,  death  prevented  him 

from  finishing  the  lustrum. 
prohibuit   quominus    in    unum    coirent,   he   prevented   them 

from  coming  together. 

150 


Substantive   Clauses,  151 

338.  VOCABULARY. 

Boji,    orum,    Boji,    an    ancient  praecipio,  ere,  cepi,  ceptus,  I 

tribe.  enjoin. 

concedo,   ere,   cessi,  cessurus,  quominus,  from   (with  verbs  of 

/  grant.  hindering). 

decemo,   ere,   crevi,   cretus,    I  reddo,  ere,  reddidi,  redditus,  / 

decree.                                      ,  return^  give  hack. 

impero,  1,  I  command.  reicio,   ere,  rejeci,   rejectus,   / 

itaque,  accordingly.  hurl  hack. 

omnino,  at  all  (with  negatives).  restituo,  ere,  uT,  utus,  /  restore. 

permitto,   ere,   misi,   missus,   /  sequor,  i,  secutus  sum, /see^. 

permit.  transporto,  1,  I  set  across. 

EXERCISES. 

339.  1.  Equitibus  imperat  ut  hostibus  terrorem  inferant. 
2.  Itaque  Caesar  suis  praecepit  ne  quod  omnino  telum  in 
hostes  reicerent.  3.  Has  civitates  hortatur,  ut  populi  Eomani 
fidem  sequantur.  4.  Haeduis  concessit  ut  Bojos  in  finibus 
suis  collocarent.  5.  Sequanis  permisit  ut  hos  obsides  redde- 
rent.  6.  Decrevimus  ut  hae  legiones  Ehenum  transporta- 
rentur.  •  7.  Eos  prohibui  ne  excederent.  8.  Me  prohibuit 
quominus  haec  restituerem.  9.  Mihi  persuasit  ut  Massiliae 
manerem.  10.  Cicero  senatum  monuit  ne  haec  periciila 
neglegeret.  11.  Suis  praecepit  ut  proelium  statim  commit- 
terent. 

340.  1.  I  commanded  the  soldiers^  to  attack  this  town. 
2.  Caesar  commands  the  soldiers  ^  to  attack  this  town.  3.  He 
commands  them  ^  not  to  cross  the  river.  4.  Ariovistus  per- 
mitted his  cavalry  ^  to  ravage  the  fields  of  the  Gauls.  5.  The 
senate  decreed  that  the  soldiers  should  march  forth.  6.  We 
hindered  the  enemy  from  crossing  this  river. 

1  Use  the  Dative. 


CHAPTER  LV. 

SUBSTANTIVE  CLAUSES   (Continued). 
SUBSTANTIVE  CLAUSES  DEVELOPED  FROM  THE  OPTATIVE. 

341.  Here  belong  clauses  :  — 

1.  With  verbs  of  wishing,  desiring,  especially  opt5,  volo,  malo 
(conjunctions  ut,  ne)  ;  as,  — 

opto  ut  in  hoc  judicio  nemo  improbus  reperiatur,  /  hope 
that  in  this  court  no  bad  man  may  be  found  (here  ut  repe- 
riatur represents  a  simple  optative  of  direct  statement,  viz. 
nemo  improbus  reperiatur,  may  no  bad  man  be  found!). 

2.  With  verbs  of  fearing  (timeo,  metuo,  vereor).    Here  ne  means 

that,  lest,  and  ut  means  that  not ;  as,  — 
timed  ne  veniat,  /  fear  that  he  will  come  (originally :  may  he 

not  come!     I^m  afraid  [he  willY)  ; 
timeo  ut  veniat,  /  fear  that  he  will  not  come  (originally :  may 

he  come  !    I*m  afraid  [he  won'f]). 

SUBSTANTIVE   CLAUSES  OF  RESULT. 

342.  Substantive  Clauses  of  Result  (introduced  by  ut, 
ut  non)  are  a  development  of  pure  Result  clauses,  and 
occur  with  the  following  classes  of  words  :  — 

1.  As  object  clauses  after  verbs  of  doing,  accomplishing.     Thus  :  — 

gravitas  morbi  facit  ut  medicina  egeamus,  the  severity  of 
disease  makes  us  need  medicine  (lit.  makes  that  we  need). 

2.  As  the  subject  of  several  impersonal  verbs ;  for  example,  fit,  it 
happens,  efficitur,  accidit,  etc.     Thus  :  — 

ex  quo  efiBcitur,   ut  voluptas    non    sit    summum    bonum, 

from  which  it  folloios  that  pleasure  is  not  the  greatest  good. 

INDIRECT   QUESTIONS. 

343.  Indirect  Questions  are  Substantive  Clauses  used 
after  verbs  of  ashing.,  inquiring.,  telling^  and  the  like.     They 

152 


Substantive   Clauses,  153 

take  their  verb  in  the  Subjunctive.     Like  Direct  Questions 
(see  §  203)  they  may  be  introduced  — 

a)    By  Interrogative  Pronouns  or  Adverbs ;  as,  — 

die  mihi  ubi  f ueris,  quid  f eceris,  tell  me  lohere  you  were,  what 
you  did. 

h)    By  num  or  -ne,  without  distinction  of  meaning ;  as,  — 

Epaminondas  quaesivit  num  salvus  esset  clipeus,  or  sal- 
vusne  esset  clipeus,  Epaminondas  asked  whether  his  shield 
was  safe. 

344.  VOCABULARY. 

controversia,  ae,  f.,  controversy.  praeterea,  besides. 

educo,  ere,  duxi,  ductus,  I  lead  prime,  firsts  firstly. 

forth.  rescinds,  ere,  scidi,  scissus,  I 
ita,  so  (of  manner).  tear  down. 

legatio,  onis,  f.,  embassy.  sic,  so  (of  manner). 

luna,  ae,  f.,  moon.     '  tergum,  i,  n.,  back. 

opto,  1,  I  desire.  verto,  ere,  verti,  versus,  I  turn; 
oratio,  onis,  f . ,  speech.  terga  vertere,  fiee. 

plebs,  is,  f.,  common  people. 

EXERCISES. 

345.  1.  Opto  ut  haec  oratio  plebi  placeat.  2.  Optamus  ne 
alias  controversias  habeamus.  3.  Praeterea  verebatur  ne 
hostes  pontem  rescinderent.  4.  Veritus  sum  ut  legiones  ex 
castris  educerentur.  5.  Ita  factum  est  ut  hostes  statim  terga 
verterent.  6.  Sic  effecit  ut  regem  in  potestate  sua  haberet. 
7.  Eadem  nocte  accidit  ut  Itina  plena  esset.  8.  Ab  his  quae- 
sivit quae  et  quantae  civitates  in  armis  essent.  9.  Primo  a 
te  quaero  hujusne  legationis  princeps  sis.  10.  Opto  ne  me 
hie  inveniat.  11.  Factum  est  ut  eo  die  in  urbe  remansisset. 
12.  Eum  rogavi  quid  fecisset.  13.  Veritus  sum  ut  hoc  peri- 
culum  a  civibus  meis  averteretur. 

346.  1.  I  fear  that  our  (men)  will  flee.  2.  Caesar  feared 
that  his  (men)  would  flee.        3.  We  fear  that  the  soldiers  will 


154  Substantive   Clauses. 

not  withstand  the  onset  of  the  barbarians.  4.  We  desire  that 
you  may  be  free.         5.  It  happened  that  ships  were  lacking. 

6.  We  brought  it  about  that  you  were  informed  of  these  things. 

7.  I  asked  the  envoys  what  they  wished.  8.  I  asked  them 
whether  the  Germans  had  crossed  the  Ehine. 

REVIEW. 

1.  Nolite  haec  f  acere !  2.  Quare  hie  diutius  maneamus  ? 
3.  Filii  mandata  patris  sul  perficiant !  4.  Timor  mentes 
vestras  ne  occupet !  5.  Quid  aliud  f aceremus  ?  6.  Utinam 
te  vidissem  !  7.  Utinam  hostes  ne  adessent !  8.  Nemo 
haec  credat.  9.   Proficiscere  ex  hac  urbe !         10.   Multos 

labores  passus  sum  ut  te  defenderem.  11.  Hic  remansi,  quo 
auxilio  ejus  diutius  uterer.  12.  Castella  ibi  collocavit  ne 
Galll  suos  circum venire  possent.  13.  Quis  'est  qui  haec  dicere 
audeat  ?  14.    Amid  mei  tanta   sunt   dlligentia  ut  nihil 

neglegant.  15.  Hostes  simul  atque  signa  nostra  viderunt, 
ntintios  miserunt,  qui  pacem  peterent. 

The  Boy  and  the  Dolphin.     Part  I. 

Est  in  Africa  colonia,  marl  proxima;  adjacet  stagnum,  in 
quo  pueri  natant.  Hie  puer  est  victor  qui  aequales  longissime  ^ 
relinquit. 

In  hoc  certamine  puer  quidam  ceteris  ^  audacior  in  ulteriora  ^ 
tendebat.  Delphlnus  occurrit  et  nunc  praecedit  puerum,  nunc 
sequitur,  nunc  circumit ;  postremo  subit  prof ertque  in  altum  ; 
mox  reddit  terrae  et  aequalibus. 

1  longissime :  farthest  behind. 

2  ceteris  audacior:  bolder  than  the  rest ;  §  254, 1. 

3  in  ulteriora :  to  a  greater  distance. 


CHAPTER   LVI. 

CONDITIONAL   SENTENCES.  —  CLAUSES  "WITH 
quamvls  AND  quamquam. 

CONDITIONAL  SENTENCES. 

347.  Conditional  Sentences  are  compound  sentences 
consisting  of  two  parts,  the  Protasis  (or  condition)^  usually 
introduced  by  si,  nisi,  or  sin,  and  the  Apodosis  (or  conclu- 
siori).  We  distinguish  the  following  types  of  Conditional 
Sentences :  — 

348.  First  Type.  —  Nothing  Implied  as  to  the  ReaUty  of 

the  Supposed  Case. 

Here  we  regularly  have  the  Indicative  in  both  Protasis 
and  Apodosis.     Any  tense  may  be  used ;  as,  — 

SI  hoc  credis,  erras,  if  you  believe  this,  you  are  mistaken; 
naturam  si  sequemur,  numquam  aberrabimus,  if  we  follow 

Nature,  we  shall  never  go  astray  ; 
SI  hoc  dizistl,  erravisti,  if  you  said  this,  you  were  in  error. 

349.  Second  Type.  — '  Should '  .  .  .  '  would '  Type. 

Here  we  regularly  have  the  Subjunctive  (regularly  the 
Present  tense)  in  both  Protasis  and  Apodosis ;  as,  — 
SI  hoc  dicas,  erres,  if  you  should  say  this,  you  would  he  mistaken. 

350.  Third  Type.  —  Supposed  Case  Contrary  to  Fact. 

Here  we  regularly  have  the  Subjunctive  in  both  Pro- 
tasis and  Apodosis,  the  Imperfect  referring  to  present  time., 
and  the  Pluperfect  referring  to  past ;  as, — 

si  amici  mei  adessent,  opis  non  indigerem,  if  my  friends 

were  here,  I  should  not  lack  assistance. 
SI  hoc  dixisses,  erravisses,  if  you  had  said  this,  you  would  have 

erred, 

155 


156  Clauses  with  quamvis,  etc. 

CLAUSES  WITH  quamvls,  quamquanif  etc.,  ^although.'* 

351.  1.  Quamvis,  however  much,  although,  does  not  introduce  a 
statement  of  fact,  but  represents  an  act  merely  as  conceived.  It  is 
followed  by  the  Subjunctive,  usually  of  the  present  tense ;  as,  — 

non  est  potestas  opitulandi  rei  publicae  quamvis  ea 
prematur  periculis,  there  is  no  opportunity  to  succor  the 
state,  though  it  be  beset  by  dangers. 

2.  Quamquam,  etsi,  tametsi,  although,  introduce  a  statement  of 
fact,  and  are  followed  by  the  Indicative  (of  any  tense)  ;  as,  — 

quamquam  festinas,  non  est  mora  longa,  although  you  are  in 
haste,  the  delay  is  not  long. 

3.  Cum,  although,  is  followed  by  the  Subjunctive ;  as,  — 

me  non  adjuvit,  cum  posset,  he  did  not  help  me,  though  he 
was  able. 

352.  VOCABULARY. 

animus,  i,  m.,  soul,  heart.  opprimo,   ere,   press!,   pressus, 
Atticus,  i,  m.,  Atticus,  the  friend  I  overwhelm. 

of  Cicero.  pateo,  ere,  patui,  lie  open. 

cum,  though.  provides,  ere,  vidi,  visus,  I  pro- 
honor,  oris,  m.,  honor.  vide,  take  care. 

immortalis,  e,  immortal.  quamquam,  although. 

incertus,  a,  um,  uncertain.  quamvis,  though,  although. 

liber,  era,  erum,  free.  valeo,  ere,  ui,  iturus,  avail,  pre- 
mandd,  1,  I  assign.  vail. 

mors,  mortis,  f. ,  (^eai^.  vis,  vis,  1,  violence;   pi.   vires, 
nisi,  unless.  ium,  strength. 

EXERCISES. 

353.  1.  Mors  non  est  timenda,  si  animus  immortalis  est. 
2.  Si  vim  facere  conabimini,  vos  prohibebo.  3.  Si  ille  nobis 
hoc  negotium  mandet,  quid  respondeas  ?  4.  Si  auctoritas 
mea  valuisset,  nos  nunc  liberl  essemus.  5.  Res  ptiblica 
oppressa  esset,  nisi  consul  providisset.  6.  Si  baec  consilia 
probares,  laetus  essem.  7.  Atticus  honores  non  petiit,  cum 
el  paterent.  8.    EomanI,   quamquam   vulneribus   confecti 


Glauses  with  quamvls,  etc,  167 

erant,  impetum  hostium  sustinebant.  9.  Quamvis  victoria 
incerta  sit,  ducem  ne  deseramus.  10.  Si  a  castello  discesseris, 
ab  hostibus  interficieris.  11.  Nisi  venisses,  omnia  amisisse- 
mus. 

354.  1.  If  the  soldiers  are  of  good  heart,^  there  is  hope  of 
victory.  2.  If  you  come  ^  to  Eome,  you  will  see  me.  3.  If 
you  should  come  to  Rome,  you  would  see  us.  4.  If  you  had 
told  me  this,  I  should  not  have  set  out.  5.  If  our  fleet  were 
at  hand,  we  should  wish  nothing  else.  6.  Although  boats 
were  lacking,  Caesar  decided  to  cross  the  Ehine.  7.  Though. 
no  one  should  come,  I  shall  remain. 

The  Boy  and  the  Dolphin.  Part  II. 

Serpit  per  coloniam  fama;  concurrunt  omnes;  puerum 
interrogant,  audiunt,^  narrant.*  Postero  die  litus  obsident, 
prospectant  mare.     Natant  pueri,  inter  hos  ille,^  sed  cautius. 

Delphmus  rursus  ad  puerum  venit.  Fugit  ille  cum  ceteris. 
Delphinus  puerum  invitat  et  revocat.  Puer  iterum  tergo 
insilit;  fertur  atque  refertur.     Neuter  timet,  neuter  timetur. 

1  §  267. 

2  Observe  that  come  really  equals  shall  come.  Hence  the  future  must  be 
used.  In  conditional  sentences  the  English  present  often  has  the  force  of  the 
future,  and  must  be  so  rendered  in  Latin. 

3  audiunt :  hear  (his  story) . 

4  narrant:  tell  (the  story  to  others). 

5  ille :  i.e.  the  boy. 


CHAPTER   LVII. 
INDIRECT  DISCOURSE  {Oratio   Ohllqua). 

355.  When  the  language  or  thought  of  any  person  is 
quoted  without  change,  that  is  called  Direct  Discourse 
(Ordtio  Recta) ;  as,  — 

Caesar  said,  *  The  die  is  cast.* 

When,  on  the  other  hand,  one's  language  or  thought  is 
made  to  depend  upon  a  verb  of  saying.,  thinking.,  etc.,  that 
is  called  Indirect  Discourse  (Ordtio  Ohllqua) ;  as,  — 

Caesar  said  that  the  die  was  cast ; 

Caesar  thought  that  his  troops  were  victorious. 

MOODS  IN  INDIRECT  DISCOURSE. 

356.  Declaratory  Sentences  upon  becoming  Indirect 
change  their  main  clause  to  the  Infinitive  with  Subject 
Accusative,  while  all  subordinate  clauses  take  the  Sub- 
junctive ;  as,  — 

Regulus  dixit,!  quam  diu  jure  jurando  hostium  teneretur, 
non  esse  se  senatorem,  Regulus  said  that  as  long  as  he 
was  held  by  his  pledge  to  the  enemy  he  was  not  a  senator. 
(Direct:  quam  diu  teneor,  non  sum  senator.) 

TENSES   IN  INDIRECT  DISCOURSE. 
A.   Tenses  of  the  Infinitive. 

357.  The  teuses  of  the  Infinitive  denote  time  not  abso- 
lutely, but  with  reference  to  the  verb  on  which  they  depend. 
Thus :  — 

1  The  verb  of  saying ^  etc.,  regularly  precedes  the  Indirect  Discourse. 

168 


Indirect  Discourse,  159 

a)  The  Present  Infinitive  represents  an  act  as  contemporaneous 
with  the  time  of  the  verb  on  which  it  depends ;  as,  — 

dicit  86  facere,  he  says  he  is  doing; 
dixit  se  facere,  he  said  he  was  doing. 

b)  The  Perfect  Infinitive  represents  an  act  as  prior  to  the  time  of 
the  verb  on  which  it  depends ;  as,  — 

dicit  se  f ecisse,  he  says  he  has  done  ; 
dixit  se  fecisse,  he  said  he  had  done. 

c)  The  Future  Infinitive  represents  an  act  as  subsequent  to  that  of 
the  verb  on  which  it  depends ;  as, — 

dicit  se  f acturum  esse,  he  says  he  will  do  ; 
dixit  se  factiiruiu  esse,  he  said  he  would  do. 

B.    Tenses  of  the  Subjunctive. 

358.  These  follow  the  regular  principle  for  the  Sequence 
of  Tenses,  being  Principal,  if  the  verb  of  saying  is  Prin- 
cipal ;  Historical,  if  it  is  Historical ;  as,  — 

dicit   se   legates  videre,  qui  venerint,  he  says  he  sees  the 

envoys  who  have  come; 
dixit  se  legatds  videre,  qui  venissent,  he  said  he  saw  the 

envoys  who  had  come. 

359.  VOCABULARY. 

advemo,    ire,  veni,   ventum,   I  modo,  justy  just  now. 

arrive.  neque  (nee),  nor. 

arbitror,   ari,   atus   sum,  /  con-  onerarius,  a,  um,  burden-bearing ; 

sider.  naves  onerariae,  transports. 

existimo,  1,  I  think.  peUo,  ere,  pepuli,  pulsus,   rout, 
incol5,  ere,  ui,  cultus,  /  inhabit.  defeat. 

inferior,  us,  inferior  (§  74,  2).  posterus,  a,um,/o?Zoiom^(§  74, 2  « 

infirmus,  a,  um,  weak.  puto,  1,  I  think. 

EXERCISES. 

360.  1.  Existimo  has  legiones,  quae  modo  advenerint,  In- 
firmas  esse.  2.  Neque  arbitror  hostes  sine  injuria  transituros 
esse.        3.   Intellegimus  maximas  nationes  a  Caesare  pulsas 


160  Indirect  Discourse. 

esse.  4.  Caesar  intellexit  copias  quas  habSret  non  esse 
inferiores.  5.  Num  pntavistis  eos  qui  hos  agros  incolerent 
discesstiros  esse  ?  6.  Postero  die  Caesar  certior  factus  est 
naves  onerarias,  quas  coegisset,  captas  esse.  7.  Ntintius 
dixit  montem,  quern  Caesar  occuparl  voluisset,  ab  hostibus 
teneri.  8.  Nemo  putat  hoc  oppidum  expugnari  posse. 
9.  Caesar  arbitrabatur  has  civitates  sibi  arnicas  esse.  10.  Dixi 
eos  qui  hanc  insulam  incoluissent  discessisse. 

361.  1.  It  is  reported  that  the  Gauls  are  fortifying  the  hill 
which  they  have  seized.  2.  It  is  reported  that  the  Gauls 
will  fortify  the  hill  which  they  have  seized.  3.  It  is  re- 
ported that  the  Gauls  have  fortified  the  hill  which  they  have 
seized.  4.  It  was  reported  that  the  Gauls  were  fortifying  the 
hill  which  they  had  seized.  5.  It  was  reported  that  the  Gauls 
would  fortify  the  hill  which  they  had  seized.  6.  It  was 
reported  that  the  Gauls  had  fortified  the  hill  which  they  had 
seized. 


CHAPTER   LVIII. 

THE   INFINITIVE. 
INFINITIVE   WITHOUT  SUBJECT  ACCUSATIVE. 

362.  This  may  be  used  either  as  Subject  or  Object. 

A,  As  Subject. 

363.  The  Infinitive  without  Subject  Accusative  is  used  as  the 
Subject  of  esse  and  various  impersonal  verbs,  particularly  opus  est, 
necesse  est,  oportet,  licet,  pudet,  etc.;  as, — 

dulce  et  decorum  est  pro  patria  mori,  it  is  sweet  and  noble 
to  die  for  one's  country, 

B.  As  Object. 

364.  1.  The  Infinitive  without  Subject  Accusative  is  used  as  the 
Object  of  many  verbs,  to  denote  another  action  of  the  same  subject, 
particularly  after — 

volo,  malo,  nolo;  cogito,  meditor,  purpose,  intend, 

debeo,  ought ;  audeo,  dare  ; 

statuo,  constituo,  decide;  vereor,  timeo, /gar; 

and  many  others. 

2.  A  predicate  Noun  or  Adjective  with  these  Infinitives  is  attracted 
into  the  Nominative ;  as,  — 

beatus  esse  sine  virtute  nemo  potest,  no  one  can  he  happy 
without  virtue. 

INFINITIVE   WITH  SUBJECT  ACCUSATIVE. 

365.  This  may  be  used  either  as  Subject  or  Object. 

A,  As  Subject. 

366.  The  Infinitive  with  Subject  Accusative  (like  the  simple  Infini- 
tive) appears  as  Subject  with  esse  and  Impersonal  verbs,  particularly 
with  utile  est,  oportet,  constat,  elc. ;  as,  — 

nihil  in  bello  oportet  contemni,  nothing  ought  to  be  despised 
in  war  (lit.  nothing  to  be  despised,  is  fitting), 
161 


162  The  Infinitive. 

B,  As  Object. 

367.  The  Infinitive  with  Subject  Accusative  is  used  as  Object  after 
the  following  classes  of  verbs :  — 

I.  Most  frequently  after  verbs  of  saying,  thinking,  knowing,  per- 
ceiving, and  the  like.  This  is  the  regular  construction  of  Principal 
Clauses  of  Indirect  Discourse,  and  has  received  full  illustration  in  the 
preceding  chapter  (lvii). 

II.  With  jubeo,  order,  and  'veto,  forbid  ;  as, — 

Caesar   milites    pontem    facere    jussit,    Caesar   ordered    the 
soldiers  to  make  a  bridge. 

HISTORICAL   INFINITIVE. 

368.  The  Infinitive  is  often  used  in  historical  narrative  instead  of 

the  Imperfect  Indicative.     The  Subject  stands  in  the  Nominative; 

as, — 

interim    cottidie    Caesar    Haeduos    frumentum    flagitare, 

meanivhile  Caesar  was  daily  demanding  grain  of  the  HaedAii, 

369.  VOCABULARY. 

coinpar5,  1,  I  get  ready.  necesse  est,  it  is  necessary. 

constat,  stare,  stitit,  it  is  evident.  oportet,  it  behooves;  it  is  fitting. 

dispone,    ere,     posuT,    positus,  opus  est,  it  is  necessary. 

I  distribute.  ordo,  inis,  m.,  rank. 

jubeo,  ere,  jussi,  jussus,  I  order.  pro,  prep,  with  abl., /or,  in  behalf 
lapis,  idis,  m.,  stone.  of. 

licet,  ere,  licuit,  it  is  permitted.  servo,  1,  I  preserve. 

nancTscor,  i,  nactus  sum,  I  pro-  statuo,  ere,  ui,  iitus,  decide, 

cure. 

EXERCISES. 

370.  1.  Opus  est  copiam  f  rtimenti  nancisci.  2.  Necesse  est 
castra  vallo  mtinire.  3.  Non  licet  in  urbem  reverti.  4.  Gallia 
libera  esse  debet.  5.  StatuI  praesidia  disponere.  6.  Constat 
magnum  numerum  barbarorum  ad  castra  venisse.  7.  Hos 
vicos  incendl  oportet.  8.  Caesar  milites  jussit  ordines  servare. 
9.  Jussit  naves  comparari.  10.  Hostes  ex  omnibus  partibus 
lapides  in  vallum  conicere.  11.  Hae  legiones  ex  hibernis 
egredl  non  ansae  sunt.       12.  Ofiicium  est  militum  Romanorum 


The  Infinitive,  163 

pro  imperatore  et  patria  fortiter  pugnare.         13.   Imperator 
nos  jussit  agros  Sequanorum  vastare. 

371.  1.  It  was  necessary  to  do  many  (things)  at  the  same 
time.  2.  It  is  necessary  to  be  brave  in  battle.  3.  We  wish 
to  be  brave.  4.  Endeavor  to  be  good.  5.  It  behooves  us 
to  set  out  at  once.  6.  It  is  necessary  (for)  us  to  fortify  this 
camp.  7.  It  behooves  us  to  be  brave.  8.  I  ordered  you  to 
summon  the  tribunes.  9.  We  ordered  the  messengers  to  be 
dismissed. 

"If  You  Want  a  Thing  Done, — ." 

Avicula  est  parva ;  nomen  est  cassita.  Habitat  in  segetibus. 
Quaedam  cassita,  cum  iret  cibum^  puUis  quaesitum,  monebat 
eos  ut^  animadverterent,  si^  quid  novi  fieret. 

Dominus  agri  postea  f  ilium  vocat.  "  Yidesne  ?  "  inquit, 
*•  Hoc  frumentum  jam  mattirum  est.  Idcirco  amicos  roga  ut  ^ 
veniant  atque  nos  adjuvent."  Pulli  hoc  audiunt  atque  orant 
matrem  ut  se  ^  in  alium  locum  portet.  Mater  jubet  eos  a  timore 
otiosos  esse.  "  Si  enim  dominus,"  inquit,  "  amlcis  f idit,  eras 
seges  non  metetur." 

Die  postero  igitur  mater  in  pabulum  volat.  Sol  fervet,  dies 
abit,  nec^  tilll  amici  ad  dominum  veniunt. 

Tum  dominus  rtirsus  ad  f ilium,  "  Amici  isti,'^  inquit,  "  cessa- 
tores  sunt.  Prima  luce  affer  falces  et  nos  ipsi  manibus  nostris 
eras  metemus." 

Ubi  mater  ex  pullls  id  audlvit,  "  Tempus,"  inquit,  "  cedendl '' 
et  abeundi." 

Itaque  cassita  migravit  et  seges  a  domino  ipso  atque  filio 
demessa  est. 

1  cibum  pullis  quaesitum :  to  seek  food  for  its  young. 

2  ut  animadverterent :  to  notice. 

8  si  quid  novi:  if  anything  new  (lit.  of  new) ;  §  236. 

4  ut  veniant :  to  come,.  ^  se :  them,  the  birds. 

6  nee  iilli:  and  no  (lit.  nor  any). 

7  cedendl :  to  he  withdrawing  (lit.  of  withdrawing) . 


CHAPTER   LIX. 

PARTICIPLES. 

372.  1.  Tenses  of  the  Participle.  The  tenses  of 
the  Participle,  like  those  of  the  Infinitive,  express  time 
not  absolutely,  but  with  reference  to  the  verb  upon  which 
the  Participle  depends. 

2.  The  Present  Participle  denotes  action  contemporary  with  that  of 
the  verb.     Thus :  — 

audio  te  loquentem  =  you  are  speaking,  and  I  hear  you  ; 
audiebani  te  loquentem =?/c>w  were  speaking,  and  I  heard  you, 
audiam   te  loquentem  =  you  will  be  speaking,  and  I  shall 
hear  you. 

3.  The  Perfect  Passive  Participle  denotes  action  prior  to  that  of  the 
verb.     Thus :  — 

locutus  taceo  =  /  have  spoken  and  am  silent ; 
locutus  tacui  =  I  had  spoken  and  then  was  silent; 
locutus  tacebo  =  /  shall  speak  and  then  shall  he  silent, 

a.   The  Future  Participle,  as  a  rule,  is  not  used  except  in  the  Active 
Periphrastic  Conjugation. 

4.  The  absolute  time  of  the  action  of  a  participle,  therefore,  is 
determined  entirely  by  the  finite  verb  with  which  it  is  connected. 

5.  Participles  are  often  equivalent  to  an  English  subordinate  clause, 
relative,  temporal,  causal,  conditional,  etc. ;  as,  — 

omne  malum  nascens  facile  opprimitur,  every  evil  is  easily 

crushed  at  hirth  ; 
mente  uti  non  possumus  cibo  et  potione  completi,  if  gorged 

loith  food  and  drink,  we  cannot  use  our  intellects. 

6.  Often,  too,  the  participle  is  equivalent  to  a  coordinate  clause ; 
as, — 

Ahala  Maelium  occupatum  interemit,  Ahala  surprised  and 
killed  Maelius  (lit.  killed  Maelius  having  been  surprised). 
164 


Participles.  165 

373.  VOCABULARY. 

Ardea,    ae,    f.,    Ardea^   a    Latin  Lysander,  dri,  m.,  Lysander,  a 

town.  Spartan  commander. 

casus,  us,  m.,  chance,  hazard.  murus,  i,  m.,  wall. 

cerno,  ere,  I  perceive.  oculus,  i,  m.,  eye. 

Conon,  onis,  m. ,  Conon,  a  Greek  perdo,  ere,  didi,  ditus,  I  lose. 

general.  persequor,    i,    secutus    sum,    I 
conspicio,  ere,  spexi,  spectus,  follow  up. 

I  see.  reficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus,  I  rebuild. 

diruo,  ere,  ui^  tus,  I  tear  down.  submitto,   ere,  misi,   missus,   / 
experior,  iri,  pertus  sum,  /  try,  send,  despatch. 

test.  Tarquinius,  i  (ii),  m.,  Tarquin,  a 
laboro,  1 , 1  toil ;  in  battle,  he  hard  Eoman  king. 

tueor,  eri,  I  guard,  watch. 


EXERCISES. 

374.  1.  Eis  quos  laborantes  conspexit  subsidium  subraisit. 
2.  Conon  mtiros  a  Lysandro  dirutos  refecit.  3.  Tarquinius 
Ardeam  oppugnans  regnum  perdidit.  4.  Yirtutem  vestram 
multis  proeliis  expertus  vos  nunc  ad  alios  casus  voco. 
5.  Oculus  se  non  videns  alia  cernit.  6.  Caesar  hos  pulsos 
persequitur.  7.  Turrim  militibus  tuendam  tradidit.  8.  Mi- 
lites  jam  vulneribus  confectos  bono  animo  esse  jubet. 
9.  Nostri  hostls  ex  castris  egredientes  adorti  sunt.  10.  Tar- 
quinius a  populo  ex  urbe  ejectus  cum  exercitti  rediit.  11.  In- 
sidias  veritus  decessit.  12.  Hostes  castra  minora  adorientes 
vidi. 

375.  1.  This  soldier  was  killed  (while)  fighting  in  the  first 
line  of  battle.  2.  (Though)  exhausted  with  many  wounds, 
we  did  not  abandon  our  leader.  3.  When  he  had  been  sum- 
moned he  came  at  once.  4.  We  put  to  flight  the  cavalry 
(who  had  been)  driven  back.  5.  Caesar  left  these  captives 
to  be  guarded. 


CHAPTER   LX. 

GERUND   AND   GERUNDIVE.  —  SUPINE. 
GERUND   AND   GERUNDIVE. 

376.  Of  the  four  cases  in  which  the  Gerund  occurs,  only 
the  Genitive,  Accusative,  and  Ablative  are  in  common  use. 

1.  The  Genitive  admits  the  same  constructions  as  nouns ;  as,  — 

cupidus  audiendi,  desirous  of  hearing. 

2.  The  Accusative  occurs  only  with  prepositions ;  as,  — 

ad  agendum  natus,  born  for  action. 

3.  The  Ablative  is  used  both  alone  and  with  prepositions;  as, — 

mens  discendo  alitur,  the  mind  is  fed  by  learning. 

4.  As  a  rule,  only  the  Genitive  of  the  Gerund  and  the  Ablative 
(without  a  preposition)  admit  a  Direct  Object. 

Gerundive  Construction  instead  of  the  Gerund. 

377.  1.  Instead  of  the  Genitive  or  Ablative  of  the  Gerund  with  a 
Direct  Object,  another  construction  may  be,  and  very  often  is,  used. 
This  consists  in  putting  the  Direct  Object  in  the  case  of  the  Gerund 
(Gen.  or  Abl.)  and  using  the  Gerundive  in  agreement  with  it.  This 
is  called  the  Gerundive  Construction.     Thus  :  — 

Gerund  ConstrucJtion.  Gerundive  Construction. 

cupidus  urbem  videndi,  desirous  }  ^^^i^^^  ^big  videndae  ;       " 

of  seeing  the  city  ;  ) 

delector  oratores  legendo,  /  am)^-^^^^^^  oratoribus  legendis. 
charmed  with  reading  the  orators.    > 

2.  The  Gerundive  Construction  must  also  be  used  to  avoid  a  Direct 
Object  with  the  Dative  of  the  Gerund,  or  with  a  case  dependent  upon 
a  Preposition  ;  as,  — 

locus  castris  muniendis  aptus,  a  place  adapted  tq  fortifying  a  camp  ; 
ad  pacem  petendam  venerunt,  they  came  to  ask  peace. 

3.  The  commonest  use  of  the  Gerundive  Construction  is  with  ad 
to  denote  purpose,  as  in  the  second  of  the  two  preceding  examples. 

166 


The  Supine.  167 

THE   SUPINE. 

378.  1.  The  Supine  in  -um  is  used  after  Verbs  of  motion  to 
express  purpose;  as, — 

legatl  ad  Caesarem  gratulatuxn  vgnerunt,  envoys  came  to 
Caesar  to  congratulate  him, 

2.  The  Supine  in  -u  is  used  as  an  Ablative  of  Specification  with 
facilis,  difificilis,  incredibilis,  jucundus,  optimus,  etc.;  as, — 

haec  res  est  facilis  cognitu,  this  thing  is  easy  to  learn, 

379.  VOCABULARY. 

ad,  for  (denoting  purpose),  prep.  orator,  oris,  m.,  orator^  envoy, 

with  ace.  praedo,  onis,  m. ,  robber. 

administro,  1,  I  perform.  reddo,  ere,  reddidi,  redditus,  / 

alienus,  a,  um,  unfavorable.  render. 

causa,  abl.,  for  the  sake  of;  the  spatium,  i  (ii),  n.,  space^  time. 

dependent  genitive  precedes.  Themistocles,    is,    m.,    Themis- 

consector,  ari,  atus  sum,  I  fol-  tocles,  an  Athenian  statesman. 

low  up.  tiitus,  a,  um,  safe. 

effugio, ere, fugijfugitiirus, escape.  versor,   ari,   atus    sum,    be    en- 

exploro,  1,  /  examine,  gaged  in, 

EXERCISES. 

380.  1.  Nulla  fuit  causa  colloquendi.  2.  Spatium  suma- 
mus  ad  cogitandum.  3.  Themistocles  maritimos  praedones 
consectando  mare  tutum  reddidit.  4.  Caesar  in  his  locis 
navium  parandarum  causa  moratur.  5.  Multi  reges  bello- 
rum  gerendorum  cupidi  fuerunt.  6.  Tempus  ad  proelium 
committendum  alienum  fuit.  7.  Ipse  antecedit  ad  itinera 
exploranda.  8.  In  his  rebus  administrandis  versabatur. 
9.  Pacem  petitum  oratores  mittit.  10.  Hoc  est  optimum 
factu.  11.  Hic  locus  ad  pugnandum  idoneus  est.  12.  Cae- 
sar hortandi  finem  fecit.  13.  Cum  amicis  de  urbe  liberanda 
colloquebamur. 


168  The  Supine. 

381.  1.  (There)  was  no  opportunity  of  withdrawing. 
2.  The  envoys  came  for  (the  purpose  of)  conferring  with 
Caesar.  3.  By  saying  these  (things)  he  made  the  soldiers 
more  eager  for  fighting.  4.  For  the  sake  of  saving  the  city 
we  have  given  much^  money.  5.  He  marches  out  from 
camp  for  (the  purpose  of)  attacking  this  town.  6.  No 
place  is  easier  to  approach.^  7.  We  have  come  to  announce 
this  victory. 

REVIEW. 

1.  Oramus  ut  finem  dicendi  facias.  2.  Veritus  est  ne 
omnia  amitteret.  3.  Timemus  ut  nobis  sit  satis  praesidi. 
4.    Tibi    praecepi    ne    haec    officia    neglegeres.  5.   Nobis 

imperat  ut  tela  paremus.  6.  Accidit  ut  pauci  incolumes 
redirent.         7.    Optamus   ne  quis   effugiat.  8.   Te   rogavi 

quem  locum  delegisses.  9.  Caesar  Ariovistum  rogavit  quam 
ob  rem  Ehenum  transiisset.  10.  Si  haec  dixisses,  laetus 
fuissem.  11.  Intellegimus  omnes  homines  natura  liberta- 
tem  amare.  12.  Caesar  intellegebat  quanto  cum  perlculo 
id  fecisset.  13.  Belli  Inferendl  causa  a  Gallia  in  Britanniam 
Insulam  transiit. 


1  Use  magnus. 

2  Use  the  proper  form  of  adeo. 


ENGLISH-LATIN  EXERCISES 

ON 

CHAPTEES   III.-XXXIV. 


CHAPTER  111.1 


382.  1.  You^  summoii  the  farmers.  2.  We  praise  Gal- 
ba's  ^  daughter.  3.  Galba's  daughters  encourage  the  farmers. 
4.  He  praises  the  troops.  5.  The  inhabitants  of  the  island 
accuse  Galba.        6,  Galba  praises  the  farmers. 

CHAPTER    IV. 

383.  1.  Dangers ;  by  danger ;  of  dangers.  2.  To  a  friend ; 
of  friends.  3.  The  towns ;  of  the  town.  4.  We  are  farm- 
ers. 5.  We  attack  the  towns  of  the  Sequani.  6.  He  is  a 
friend  of  the  farmers.  7.  The  troops  avoid  battle.  8.  I 
entreat  the  help  of  the  Germans.  9.  He  harasses  the  Gauls 
in  battle. 

CHAPTER  V. 

384.  1.  Of  great  victories ;  by  a  great  victory.  2.  Many 
dangers ;  of  many  dangers.  3.  To  the  Roman  people ;  of 
the  Eoman  people.  4.  Many  islands ;  many  villages ;  many 
towns.  5.  We  get  ready  many  beasts  of  burden.  6.  We 
praise  Galba,  the  Eoman  lieutenant.  7.  Many  Gauls  and 
Germans  contend  in  battle.  8.  The  beasts  of  burden  are 
small. 

1  The  chapter  numbers  correspond  to  those  in  the  body  of  the  book. 

2  Unless  it  is  clear  that  the  Plural  is  meant,  you  is  to  be  regarded  as  the 
sign  of  the  Singular. 

8  I.e.  the  daughter  of  Galba, 

169 


170  JEnglish' Latin  Exercises 

CHAPTER  VI. 

385.  1.  Of  a  higli  rampart ;  with  a  higli  rampart.  2.  The 
great  valor  of  the  Eoman  soldiers.  3.  To  the  father  of  the 
consul.  4.  Of  the  cavalry ;  to  the  cavalry.  5.  We  praise 
Galba  the  consul.  6.  Caesar  demands  many  hostages. 
7.  The  Roman  soldiers  contend  with^  the  Helvetii.  8.  The 
Gauls  attack  the  rampart  of  the  Eoman  camp. 

CHAPTER   VII. 

386.  1.  High  trees  ;  of  high  towers ;  in^  deep  rivers.  2.  In 
the  River  Rhine.  3.  The  fears  of  the  soldiers.  4.  To  the 
enemy;  the  camp  of  the  enemy.  5.  The  cavalry  of  the 
enemy  contend  with  the  Romans.  6.  Caesar  establishes 
peace  with  many  states.  7.  The  rivers  are  deep.  8.  The 
cavalry  of  Caesar  harass  the  enemy. 

CHAPTER   VIII. 

387.  1.  Of  the  senate ;  to  the  senate ;  concerning  the  senate. 
2.  In  the  harbors  of  the  island ;  of  the  harbors.  3.  Many 
hopes.  4.  The  remaining  legions.  5.  With  the  remain- 
ing legions  Caesar  attacks  the  town.  6.  In  the  harbors  are 
many  islands.  7.  The  senate  is  in  doubt  concerning  the 
loyalty  of  the  legions.         8.   He  announces  many  things  to 

the  senate. 

CHAPTER   IX. 

388.  1.  Of  the  whole  cohort ;  whole  cohorts.  2.  Of  an- 
other hill ;  other  hills ;  on  other  hills.  3.  Of  one  battle ;  in 
one  battle.  4.  By  a  cavalry  battle;  of  cavalry  battles;  in 
cavalry  battles.  5.  The  soldiers  contend  without  any  hope 
of  victory.         6.  The  legions  attack  another  town.         7.  We 

1  Unless  loith  is  equivalent  to  hy,  it  is  regularly  to  be  rendered  by  cum  in 
Latin. 

2  To  denote  location  in  a  place,  the  Preposition  is  regularly  necessary  in 
Latin.    The  simple  Ablative  does  not  suffice. 


On  Chapters  VL-XIIL  171 

avoid  the  dangers  of  another  battle.         8.  We  are  in  doubt 
concerning  many  other  things. 

CHAPTER  X. 

389.  1.  In  a  fertile  field;  of  fertile  fields.  2.  Of  very 
many  young  men ;  with  very  many  young  men.  3.  Of  the 
common  council ;  with  noble  envoys  ;  in  naval  battles.  4.  The 
young  man  is  unharmed.  5.  All  the  fields  of  the  Haedui 
are  fertile.  6.  All  the  envoys  of  the  Gauls  entreat  Caesar's 
help.         7.  He  praises  all  the  tribunes  of  the  legion. 

CHAPTER   XI. 

390.  1.  Braver  soldiers ;  of  braver  soldiers ;  with  the  bravest 
soldiers.  2.  The  most  difficult  approaches ;  by  the  most  diffi- 
cult approaches ;  by  a  more  difficult  approach.  3.  Of  the  first 
legion;  with  the  first  legion.  4.  The  larger  camp;  in  the 
smaller  camp.  5.  The  soldiers  of  the  first  legion  attack  the 
smaller  camp.  6.  We  avoid  the  greatest  dangers.  7.  Galba 
is  the  bravest  leader.        8.  The  approaches  are  most  difficult. 

CHAPTER   XII. 

391.  1.  More  fiercely;  most  fiercely;  most  courageously. 
2.  Most  easily.  3.  Of  three  cities,  in  three  battles,  two 
daughters.  4.  With  three  hundred  soldiers.  5.  Two  thou- 
sand cavalry.  6.  The  Belgians  fight  more  bravely  than  the 
Sequani.  7.  The  Eomans  overcome  the  Gauls  most  easily. 
8.  We  contend  with  three  thousand  Gauls.  9.  Three  hun- 
dred Komans  retard  the  onset  of  the  Gauls. 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

392.  1.  Of  us;  to  you;  to  himself;  to  themselves.  2.  My 
father ;  our  father ;  our  fathers.  3.  Of  your  friend ;  of  your 
friends;   to  my  friends.         4.  To  this  commander;   of  these 


172  English-Latin  Exercises 

commanders;  of  these  trees.  5.  We  call  these  soldiers  to 
us.  6.  With  all  these  legions  Caesar  attacks  the  town. 
7.  No  other  commander  blames  his  soldiers.  8.  My  daugh- 
ter calls  me. 

CHAPTER   XIV. 

393.  1.  The  same  causes ;  of  the  same  armies ;  concerning 
the  same  duties.  2.  That  gate;  of  those  gates;  of  those 
armies.  3.  Of  the  slave  himself ;  concerning  the  slaves  them- 
selves. 4.  That  slave  (of  yours)  ;  of  those  six  slaves.  5.  I 
call  him;  I  call  her;  I  call  them;  I  call  his^  father;  I  call 
their  ^  father.  6.  The  leaders  of  these  armies  are  cowardly. 
7.  These  duties  are  most  difficult. 

CHAPTER   XV. 

394.  1.  A  certain  man ;  of  certain  men ;  concerning  certain 
things.  2.  Any  cause  you  please ;  some  causes ;  some  men. 
3.  What  man  ?  What  battle  ?  4.  Of  each  army ;  concern- 
ing each  slave.  5.  This  commander  arms  certain  legions. 
6.  Booty  delights  some  soldiers.  7.  What  towns  (do)  ^  the 
soldiers  attack  ?  8.  They  attack  a  certain  town  of  the 
Belgians. 

CHAPTER   XVI. 

395.  1.  We  were;  we  shall  be;  we  had  been.  2.  I  have 
been ;  he  will  have  been  ;  he  will  be.  3.  You  have  been ;  you 
were ;  they  will  have  been.  4.  I  have  not  yet  been  consul. 
5.  These  consuls  were  cowardly.  6.  Where  had  your  father 
been  ?  7.  He  had  been  in  the  camp  of  the  enemy.  8.  We 
have  been  in  many  towns  of  the  Gauls.  9.  Before  this 
camp  was  a  deep  trench. 

1  I.e.  'the  father  of  him,'  'the  father  of  them';  suus  cannot  be  used; 
§  87,  1. 

2  This  word  is  not  to  be  translated. 


On  Chapters  XIK-XX.  173 

CHAPTER   XVII. 

396.  1.  Let  them  be ;  I  should  have  been ;  they  would  have 
been.  2.  To  have  been ;  be  thou ;  they  shall  be.  3.  May 
he  be;  he  would  have  been.  4.  May  there  be  friendship 
between  you  and  me.  5.  May  we  be  happy.  6.  Let  this 
law  be  brief.  7.  I  should  have  been  glad.  8.  Under  an- 
other leader  the  soldiers  would  have  been  braver. 

CHAPTER   XVIII. 

397.  1.  I  have  summoned  you;  I  was  summoning  you. 
2.  You  summoned  me  ;  we  shall  summon  you ;  they  had  sum- 
moned you.  3.  We  praised  him ;  they  had  praised  him ;  I 
was  praising  him.  4.  The  soldiers  will  fight;  they  have 
fought;  we  have  fought.  5.  Caesar  had  got  ready  many 
ships.  6.  He  will  station  two  legions  in  that  place.  7.  I 
have  not  yet  approved  these  plans.         8.  Who  had  approved 

those  words  ? 

CHAPTER   XIX. 

398.  1.  Let  the  soldiers  contend ;  the  soldiers  would  have 
contended.  2.  To  have  contended ;  about  to  contend ;  by 
contending.  3.  May  he  approve  our  words ;  he  would  have 
approved  your  words.  4.  Who  would  have  praised  this  man? 
5.  The  soldiers  try  to  seize  that  hill.  6.  Praise  all  these 
soldiers.  7.  We  are  about  to  attack  another  town.  8.  All 
the  Gauls  are  fond  of  fighting. 

CHAPTER  XX. 

399.  1.  We  shall  be  praised ;  we  have  been  praised ;  we 
had  been  praised.  2.  She  was  praised ;  she  will  be  praised; 
she  had  been  praised.  3.  You  are  expected ;  you  will  be  ex- 
pected ;  they  will  be  expected.  4.  Who  was  being  praised  ? 
5.  All  these  towns  will  be  attacked.  6.  The  Gauls  had 
often  been  overcome.  7.  These  six  ships  have  been  got 
ready.         8.  On  the  following  day  many  soldiers  were  wounded. 


174  English-Latin  Exercises 

CHAPTER   XXL 

400.  1.  Let  them  be  called  together ;  they  would  have  been 
called  together.  2.  The  senate  must  be  (=  is  to  be)  called 
together  at  once.         3.  We  should  easily  have  been  overcome. 

4.  You  would  scarcely  have  been  praised.  5.  These  towns 
would  have  been  taken  by  storm  most  easily.  6.  Your 
words  would  not  have  been  approved.  7.  The  onset  of  the 
enemy  must  be  retarded. 

CHAPTER   XXII. 

401.  1.  We  have  seen  you ;  we  shall  see  you ;  he  had  seen 
you.  2.  We  were  fearing ;  you  had  feared ;  he  will  fear. 
3.  To  have  feared,  to  have  seen;  fearing,  seeing.  4.  May 
he  have  ;  we  should  have  had ;  he  shall  have.  5.  You  ought 
to  remain  in  this  place.  6.  We  had  seen  the  standards  of  the 
enemy.        7.  AVe  should  easily  have  kept  the  enemy  away. 

CHAPTER   XXIII. 

402.  1,  We  seem;  beseemed;  you  had  seemed.  2.  They 
will  be  terrified ;  we  had  been  terrified.  3.  Your  suspicions 
were  increased.  4.  The  camp  had  been  moved.  5.  Our 
soldiers   seem   to   have   filled  up   the   trench   of  the  enemy. 

6.  The  onset  of  the  barbarians   will  be   bravely   withstood. 

7.  The  Gauls  must  be  kept  away.  8.  These  trenches  would 
have  been  quickly  filled  up. 

CHAPTER   XXIV. 

403.  1.  We  defended  the  city ;  they  had  defended  the  city ; 
they  will  defend  the  city.  2.  I  sent  a  letter ;  we  shall  send 
a  letter ;  they  had  sent  a  letter.  3.  Let  us  defend ;  we  should 
have  defended ;  let  him  defend.         4.  To  send ;  to  have  sent. 

5.  I  shall  leave  a  garrison  in  this  place.  6.  Caesar  sent  two 
legions  into  Spain.         7.  He  had  decided  to  defend  the  camp. 

8.  War  will  be  waged  in  Gaul. 


On  Chapters  XXI.-XXVIIL  175 

CHAPTER   XXV. 

404.  1.  Hostages  had  been  sent;   hostages   will  be   sent; 

hostages  have  been  sent.         2.  We  shall  be  defended  ;  he  had 

been  defended;  she  had  been  defended.         3.   These  legions 

have  been  led  to  the  other  camp.         4.  A  garrison  has  been 

left  here.  5.  You  would  have  been  compelled  to  remain. 

6.  Many  wars  will  be  waged.         7.  Two  legions   were  sent 

against  the  enemy.         8.  These  ships  will  be  fitted  out  with 

all  things. 

CHAPTER   XXVI. 

405.  1.  We  were  fortifying;  we  have  fortified;  they  will 
fortify.  2.  They  were  assembling;  they  have  assembled; 
they  would  have  assembled.  3.  He  came;  he  will  have 
come ;  let  him  come.  4.  Fortify  this  camp,  soldiers  !  ^ 
5.  The  enemy  hindered  the  march  of  our  army !  ^  6.  The 
Germans  assembled  on  all  sides  from  the  forests.  7.  We 
have  heard  the  report  of  that  battle.  8.  I  afterwards  dis- 
covered these  things. 

CHAPTER  XXVII. 

406.  1.  We  were  surrounded ;  they  had  been  surrounded ; 
they  will  be  surrounded.  2.  He  was  heard;  we  had  been 
heard ;  she  will  be  heard.  3.  Let  him  be  heard ;  they  would 
have  been  heard  ;  to  be  heard.  4.  These  captives  were  sur- 
rounded with  two  cohorts  of  soldiers.  5.  Nothing  has  been 
discovered.  6.  No  other  voice  will  be  heard.  7.  The 
larger  camp  ought  to  be  fortified. 

CHAPTER   XXVIII. 

407.  1.  We  were  taking;  I  had  taken;  they  will  take. 
2.  Let  us  take;  let  him  take;  taking.         3.  They  would  have 

1  The  Vocative  ordinarily  stands  second  in  the  sentence. 

2  Use  agmen. 


176  JEnglish'Latin  Exercises 

fled ;  lie  would  have  been  killed.     4.  They  will  be  killed ;  they 

were  killed.         5.   Let  us  make  a  bridge!         6.   This   camp 

was  plundered.         7.  The  envoys  of  the  king  were  received. 

8.  We  received  your  commands.         9.  We  shall  flee  from  these 

dangers. 

CHAPTER  XXIX. 

408.  1.  He  was  marching  forth ;  they  marched  forth ;  let  us 
march  forth.  2.  We  ought  to  return.  3.  We  have  tar- 
ried; you  were  tarrying;  they  had  tarried.  4.  I  set  out; 
he  will  set  out ;  they  would  have  set  out.  5.  No  one  dared 
to  march  forth.  6.  We  have  not  yet  endeavored  to  send  this 
letter.  7.  Who  will  dare  to  resist  ?  8.  The  troops  ad- 
vanced a  little.         9.  We  shall  return. 

CHAPTER  XXX. 

409.  1.  We  had  been  about  to  speak.  2.  The  soldiers 
were  on  the  point  of  attacking  (=  were  about  to  attack)  this 
town.  3.  She  was  about  to  set  out.  4.  That  camp  must 
be  defended.  5.  Peace  must  be  established  with  other  states. 
6.  Our  liberty  must  be  defended.  7.  He  was  about  to  wage 
war.         8.  We   were  on  the  point  of  surrendering  ourselves.^ 

CHAPTER  XXXI. 

410.  1.  He  could ;  ^  they  could ;  you  can.  2.  He  will  be 
able ;  they  had  been  able ;  may  he  be  able.  3.  We  should 
have  been  able ;  to  have  been  able.  4.  He  was  in  charge ; 
I  had  been  in  charge ;  they  will  be  in  charge.  5.  We  were 
absent;  they  would  have  been  absent;  to  have  been  present. 
6.  Much^  money  had  already  been  given.  7.  We  shall  give 
much  money  to  you.  8.  He  would  have  given  much  money 
to  you. 

1  See  §  86.  2  j.g.  he  y^as  able. 

8  For  much  money ^  the  Latin  regularly  has  great  money. 


On  Chapters  XXIX,-XXXIV.  177 

CHAPTER   XXXII. 

411.  1.  We  bore;  we  have  borne;  lie  had  borne.  2.  He 
would  have  borne;  by  bearing;  to  have  borne.  3.  Let  us 
bear ;  we  were  bearing ;  they  will  bear.  4.  Let  us  endure  ; 
to  have  endured ;  enduring.  5.  The  standards  were  brought 
back.  6.  The  Helvetii  betook  themselves  to  the  mountain. 
7.  We  shall  bear  assistance  to  you.^  8.  Who  will  be  able  to 
endure  these  tortures  ? 

CHAPTER  XXXIIL 

412.  1.  We  wished ;  we  should  have  wished ;  to  have  wished. 
2.  I  had  been  unwilling ;  you  were  unwilling ;  you  are  unwill- 
ing. 3.  To  have  preferred;  he  would  have  preferred;  he 
had  preferred.  4.  We  had  become ;  may  he  become ;  they 
would  have  become.  5.  He  had  been  unwilling  to  with- 
draw. 6.  Caesar  had  been  informed  of  (=  concerning)  this 
thing.         7.  No  one  preferred  to  remain  here. 

CHAPTER   XXXIV. 

413.  1.  We  were  returning;  we  should  have  returned;  to 
have  returned ;  they  will  cross.  2.  They  had  crossed ;  they 
crossed;  he  will  cross.  3.  You  will  remember;  they  were 
remembering;  we  hate;  let  us  hate;  he  hated.  4.  I  had 
begun  to  cross  the  river.  5.  Two  thousand  cavalry^  per- 
ished. 6.  The  cavalry  of  the  enemy  went  around  the  camp 
of  the  Eomans.  7.  This  river  is  crossed  ^  by  a  ford.  8.  The 
soldiers  will  return. 

1  Use  the  Dative.  2  gee  §  80,  4.  8  See  §  197, 1. 


SELECTIONS   FOR  EEADINa 


I.   FABLES. 

The  Woman  and  the  Hen. 

414.  Mulier  quaedam  liabebat  galllnam,  quae  ei  cottidie 
ovum  pariebat  aureum.  Hinc  suspicari^  coepit,^  illam  auxi 
massam  intus  celare,^  et  gallmam  occldit.  Sed  nihil  in  ea 
repperit,  nisi  quod  in  aliis  gallims  reperiri  *  solet.  Itaque  dum 
majoribus*  divitiis^  inhiat/  etiam  minores^  perdidit. 

The  Oxen. 

415.  In  eodem  prato  pascebantur  tres^  boves  in  maxima 
Concordia,  et  sic  ab  omni  ferarum  incursione^^  ttiti  erant.  Sed 
dissidio  ^^  inter  illos  orto,  singull  a  f  eris  ^  petiti  et  laniati  sunt. 

Fabula  docet,  quantum  boni  ^^  sit  ^*  in  concordia. 

The  Dog  in  the  Manger. 

416.  Canis  jacebat  in  praesaepi  bovesque  latrando^^  a 
pabulo^^  arcebat.  Cui  unus  boum,^^  "  Quanta  ista/^  inquit, 
"  invidia  est,  quod  non  pateris  ut  eo  cibo  ^^  vescamur^^  quern  tu 
ipse  capere  nee  veils  nee  possls!'^ 

Haec  fabula  invidiae  ^  indolem  declarat. 


The  footnotes  refer  to  the  sections  of  this  book. 

1364. 

6  220,  III. 

11  273. 

16  251. 

2  198. 

7  331,  I. 

12  253. 

17  236. 

8  356. 

8  73. 

13  236. 

18  258,  1. 

4  364. 

9  80,  2. 

14  343. 

19  336,  2. 

6  73. 

10  251. 

15  376, 

3.   . 

20  233. 

178 


Selections  for  Reading.  179 

The  Travellers  and  the  Ass. 

417.  Duo  qui  una  iter  faciebant,  asinum  oberrantem  in  soli- 
tudine  conspicati,^  accurrunt  laeti/  et  uterque  eum  sibi  vin- 
dicare^  coepit,  quod  eum  prior*  conspexisset.^  Dum  vero 
contendunt^  et  rixantur,  nee  a  verberibus^  abstinent,  asinus 
auf ugit  et  neuter  eo  ^  potitur. 

The  Kid  and  the  Wolf. 

418.  Haedus,  stans  in  tecto  domus,  lupo^  praetereuntl^^ 
maledlxit.  Cui  lupus,  '' Non  tu^^  inquit,  "sec?  tectum  mihi 
maledicit.^' 

Saepe  locus  et  tempus  homines  "  timidos  audaces  ^^  reddit. 

The  Peasant  and  the  Mouse. 

419.  Mus  a  rustico^^  deprehensus  tarn  acri  morsti^*  ejus 
digitos  vulneravit,  ut  ille  eum  dlmitteret/^  dicens:  ''Nihil, 
mehercule,  tarn  pusillum  est,  quod  de  salute  desperdre  deheat,^^ 
mode  se  defendere  velitJ' 

The  Wolf  and  the  Crane. 

420.  In  faucibus  lupi  bs  inhaeserat.  Mercede  ^^  igitur  con- 
dtieit  gruem,  qui  illud  extraliat.^^  Hoc  grtis  longitudine  ^^  colli 
facile  effecit.  Cum  autem  mercedem  postularet,^^  subridens 
lupus  et  dentibus^^  Tnfrendens,  '' Num  tihi,-^  inquit,  '^ parva 
merces  videtur,  quod  caput  incolume  ex  lupi  faucibus  extrdxisti  9 '' 

The  Trumpeter. 

421.  Tubicen  ab  hostibus  captus,^^  '' Nolite'^^^  me,  inquit, 
'' interficere ;  nam  inermis  sum,  neque  quidquam  Jiabeo  praeter 
hanc  tubamJ'     At  hostes,  ''Propter  hoc  ipsum,'^  inquiunt,  "te 


1172. 

7  251. 

13  253. 

19  258. 

2282. 

8  258,  1. 

14  258. 

20  324,  B. 

8  364. 

9  220,  II,  a. 

16  317. 

21258. 

4  284,  2. 

10  197. 

16  317. 

22  372,  5. 

5  319. 

11  209. 

17  268. 

•      28  300,  2. 

6  331,  I. 

12  209,  2. 

18  311,  2. 

180  Selections  for  Reading. 

interimemus,  quody  cum  ipse  pugnandl'^  sis^  impentusy  alios  ad 
pugnam  incitdre^  soles.^'' 

Tabula  docet,  non  solum  maleficos  esse  ptiniendos  *  sed  etiam 
eos,  qui  alios  ad  male  faciendum  ^  irrltent/ 

The  Farmer  and  his  Sons. 

422.  Agrieola  senex,  cum  mortem  sibi^  appropinquare^  senti- 
ret/*^  f ilios  convocavit,  quos,^^  ut  fieri  ^^  solet,  interdum  discor- 
dare  ^^  noverat,  et  f  ascem  virgularum  afferri  ^*  jubet.  Quibus  ^^ 
allatis,  f Ilios  hortatur,  ut  hunc  fascem  frangerent.^^  Quod  cum 
f  acere  non  possent,^'  distribuit  singulas  virgas,  elsque  ^^  celeriter 
f ractis,  docuit  ilios,  quam  f irma  res  ^^  esset  ^  concordia,  quam- 
que  imbecillis  discordia. 

The  Mice. 

423.  Mures  aliquando  habuerunt  consilium,  quo  modo  a  fele 
caverent.^^  Multls  aliis  ^^  propositis,  omnibus  ^  placuit  ^^  ut  el  ^ 
tintinnabulum  annecteretur  ^^  j  sic  enim  ipsos  sonitu^  admoni- 
tos  eam  f ugere  ^  posse.^  Sed  cum  jam  inter  mures  quaerere- 
tur,^  qui  fell  ^^  tintinnabulum  annecteret/^  nemo  repertus  est. 

Pabula  docet,  in  suadendo  plurimos  esse  ^  audaces,^  sed  in 
ipso  periculo  timidos. 

The  Tortoise  and  the  EaglEc 

424.  Testudo  aquilam  magnopere  orabat,  ut  sese  vol^re  doce- 
ret.^  Aquila  ei  ostendebat  quidem,  eam  rem  petere  ^  naturae  ^^ 
suae  contrariam ;  sed  ilia  nihilo  ^  minus  instabat,  et  obsecrabat 


1376,  1;  241. 

11356. 

21343. 

30  324.  B. 

2  351,  3. 

12  193. 

22  273; 

81  220,  III. 

8  364. 

18  356. 

23  220,  II,  a. 

32  343. 

4  319. 

"  367,  II. 

24  202. 

83  356. 

6  356. 

16  273. 

26  220,  III. 

34  32,1;  2. 

6  376,  2. 

16  336,  1. 

26  336,  3. 

86  336,1. 

7  356. 

17  324,  B. 

•  27  258. 

86  356. 

8  220,  III. 

18  273. 

28  364. 

87  228. 

9  356. 

19  24,  1. 

29  356. 

88  266. 

W  324,  B. 

20  343. 

Selections  for  Reading,  181 

aquilam,  ut  se^  volucrem^  facere^  vellet.*  Itaque  ungulis* 
arreptam^  aquila  sustulit  in  sublime,  et  demisit  illam,  ut  per 
aerem  ferretur.^     Turn  in  saxa  incidens  comminuta^  interiit. 

Haec  f  abula  docet,  multos  cupiditatibus  ^  suis  occaecatos  con- 
silia  prtidentiorum  respuere,^^  et  in  exitium  ruere  stultitia^^ 

sua.^^ 

The  Lion. 

425.  Societatem  junxerant  leo,  juvenca,  capra,  ovis.  Praeda  ^^ 
autem,  quam  ceperant,  in  quattuor  partes  aequales  divisa,  leo, 
^^ Pnma,^^  ait,  '' mea  est ;  debetur  enim  haec  praestantiae  meae. 
Tollam  et  secundam,  quam  meretur  robur  meum,  Tertiam  vindU 
cat  sibi  egregius  labor  mens.  Qudrtam  qui  sibi  arrogdre  voluerit, 
is  sciat^'^  se  habiturum  me  inimtcum  sibiJ^^^  Quid  facerent^^  im- 
beeilles  bestiae,  aut  quae  sibi  leonem  Inf  estum  habere  ^^  vellet  ?  ^® 

II.    EOMAN  HISTORY. 

1.     The  Regal  Period,  753-510  B.C. 

Saturist. 

426.  Antiquissimis  temporibus  ^^  Saturnus  in  Italiam  venisse 
dicitur.  Ibi  baud  procul  a  Janiculo  arcem  condidit,  earn  que  ^^ 
Saturniam^  appellavit.  Hic  Italos^^  primus^  agriculttiram ^ 
docuit. 

Latinus  and  Aeneas. 

427.  Postea  Latinus  in  illis  regionibus  imperavit.  Sub  hoc 
rege  Troja  in  Asia  eversa  est.  Hinc  Aeneas,  Anchisae  filius, 
cum  multis  Trojanis,  quibus^*  ferrum  Graecorum  pepercerat, 


1209 

7  311 

18  273. 

19  209. 

2  209,2. 

8  372,  6. 

14  300. 

20  209. 

8  364. 

9  258. 

16  228. 

21  213. 

4  336,1. 

10  356. 

16  301. 

22  284,  2. 

6  258. 

11259. 

17  364. 

28  213. 

e  372,  6. 

12  90,  footnote  2. 

18  276. 

24  220,  II,  a. 

182  Selections  for  Reading, 

aufugit  et  in  Italiam  pervenit.  Ibi  Latimis  rex  ei  benigne  re- 
cepto  filiam  Laviniam  in  matrimonium  dedit.  Aeneas  nrbem 
condidit,  quam  ^  in  honorem  conjugis  Lavmium  ^  appellavit. 

Founding  of  Alba  Longa  by  Ascanius. 

428.  Post  Aeneae  mortem  Ascanius,  Aeneae  fllius,  regnum 
accepit.  Hic  sedem  regni  in  alium  locum  transtulit,  nrbemque 
condidit  in  monte  Albano,  eamque  Albam  Longam  nuncupavit. 
Eum  secutus  est  Silvius,  qui  post  Aeneae  mortem  a  Lavinia^ 
genitus  erat.  Ejus  poster!  omnes  usque  ad  Eomam  conditam 
Albae*  regnaverunt. 

Other  Kings  of  Alba. 

429.  Unus  horum  regum/  Romulus  Silvius,  se  Jove^  ma- 
jorem''  esse^  dicebat,  et,  cum  tonaret,^  militibus^^  imperavit,  ut 
clipeos  bastis  ^^  percuterent/^  dicebatque  hunc  sonum  multo  ^^ 
clariorem^*  esse^^  quam  tonitrum.  Fulmine^^  ictus  et  in  Alba- 
num  lacum  praecipitatus  est. 

Silvius  Procas,  rex  Albanorum,  duos  f ilios  reliquit  Numitorem 
et  Amtilium.  Horum  minor  natu,^''  Amulius,  fratrl  optionem 
dedit,  utrum  regnum  habere  ^^  vellet,^^  an  bona,  quae  pater  re- 
liquisset.^  Numitor  paterna  bona  praetulit ;  Amulius  regnum 
obtinuit. 

Birth  of  Romulus  and  Remus. 

430.  Amulius,  ut  regnum  firmissime  possideret,^  Numitoris 
f ilium  per  insidias  interemit  et  filiam  fratris  Rheam  Silviam^^ 
Vestalem  virginem^  fecit.     Nam  his  Vestae   sarcerdotibus  ^* 


1209. 

7  32,  1 ;  2. 

13  266. 

19  343. 

2  209. 

8  356. 

14  32,  1;  2. 

20  356. 

8  252. 

9  324,  B. 

15  356. 

21  311. 

*277. 

10  220,  II,  o. 

16  258. 

22  209. 

6  236. 

11  258. 

17  269. 

23  209. 

6  254. 

12  336, 1. 

18  364. 

24  220,  II,  a. 

Selections  for  Reading,  183 

non  licet  viro  ^  ntibere.^  Sed  haec  a  Marte  geminos  f  ilios,  Eomu- 
lum  et  Remuni,  peperit.  Hoc  cum  Amulius  comperisset/  mar 
trem  in  vincula  conjecit,  pueros*  autem  in  Tiberim^  abici^  jussit. 

431.  Forte  Tiberis  aqua  ultra  ripam  se  efftiderat,  et,  cum 
pueri  in  vado  essent  positi/  aqua  refluens  eos  in  sicco  reliquit. 
Ad  eorum  vagitum  lupa  accurrit,  eosque  tiberibus^  suis  aluit. 
Quod  videns  Faustulus  quidam,  pastor  illius  regionis,  pueros 
sustulit,  et  uxorl  Accae  Larentiae  nutriendos  dedit. 

Foundation  of  Eome,  753  b.c. 

432.  Sic  Komulus  et  Remus  pueritiam  inter  pastor es  transe- 
gerunt.  Cum  adolevissent,^  et  forte  comperissent,  qnis  ipsorum 
ayus,  quae  mater  fuisset/^  Amtilium  interfecerunt,  et  Numitori 
avo  regnum  restituerunt.  Turn  urbem  condiderunt  in  monte 
Aventino,  quam^^  Komulus  a  suo  nomine  Eomam^^  vocavit. 
Haec  cum  moenibns  ^^  circumdaretur,^*  Eemus  occisus  est,  dum 
fratrem  irridens  moenia  transilit.^^ 

Seizure  of  the  Sabine  Women. 

433.  Romulus,  ut  clvium  numerum  angeret,^^  asylum  pate- 
fecit,  ad  quod  multi  ex  civitatibus  suis  pulsi  accurrerunt.  Sed 
novae  urbis  civibus  conjuges  deerant.  Itaque  festum  Nepttini 
et  ludos  instituit.  Ad  hos  cum  multi  ex  finitimis  populis  cum 
mulieribus  et  llberis  venissent,^^  RomanI  inter  ipsos  ludos  spec- 
tantes  virgines  rapuerunt. 

War  with  the  Sabines. 

434.  Populi  illi  quorum  ^^  virgines  raptae  erant  bellum  ad- 
versus  raptores  susceperunt.     Cum  Romae  appropinquarerit,^* 


1  220,  II. 

6  367, 11. 

11209. 

16  311. 

2  363. 

7  319,  2. 

12  209. 

IJ'  324,  B. 

8  324,  B. 

8  258. 

18  258. 

18  233. 

4  367,IL 

9  324,  B, 

14  324,  B, 

19  324,  B, 

«48. 

W343. 

15  331, 1. 

184  Selections  for  Reading, 

forte  in  Tarpeiam  virginem  inciderunt  quae  in  arce  sacra ^  pro- 
ctirabat.  Hanc  rogabant,  ut  viam  in  arcem  monstraret,^  eique 
permlserunt,  ut  munus  sibi  posceret.^  Ilia  petiit,  ut  sibi 
darent,^  quod  in  sinistris  manibus  gererent,  anulos  aureos  et 
armillas  significans.  At  hostes  in  arcem  ab  ea  perducti  scutls^ 
Tarpeiam  obruerunt ;  nam  et  ea  in  sinistris  manibus  gerebant. 

Treaty  with  the  Sabines. 

435.  Tum  Eomulus  cum  hoste,  qui  montem  Tarpeium  tene- 
bat,  pugnam  conseruit  in  eo  loco,  ubi  nunc  Forum  Eomanum 
est.  In  media ^  caede  raptae  processerunt,  et  bine  patres  bine 
conjuges  et  soceros  complectebantur,  et  rogabant,  ut  caedis 
finem  facerent.^  Utrique  his  precibus^  commoti  sunt.  Eomu- 
lus foedus  icit  et  Sabinos  in  urbem  recepit. 

Institutions  of  Eomulus.  —  His  Death. 

436.  Postea  civitatem  discripsit.  Centum  senatores  legit 
eosque^  cum  ob  aetatem  tum  ob  reverentiam  eis  debitam  patres  ^* 
appellavit.  Plebem  in  triginta  curias  distribuit,  casque  rapta- 
rum  nominibus^^  nuncupavit.  Anno^  regni  tricesimo  septimo, 
cum  exercitum  Itistraret/^  inter  tempestatem  ortam  repente 
oculis  hominum  subductus  est.  Hinc  alii^^  cum  a  senatoribus 
interfectum,^''  alil^^  ad  deos  sublatum  esse^^  existimaverunt. 

Eeign  of  Numa  Pompilius. 

437.  Post  Eomuli  mortem  unius  anni  interregnum  fuit, 
Quo^^  elapso,  Numa  Pompilius,  Curibus/^  urbe  in  agro  Sabl- 
norum,  natus,  rex^^  creatus  est.  Hic  vir  bellum  quidem 
nullum  gessit;  nee  minus  tamen  civitati^^  profuit.     Nam  et 


1  281,  1. 

«  284,  1. 

11  258. 

16  273. 

2  336,1. 

7  336,  1. 

12  276. 

17  274,  1. 

8  336,2. 

8  258. 

18  324,  B. 

18  209,  3. 

4  336,1. 

»209. 

14  293. 

19  220,  II,  a. 

«258. 

10  209. 

16  356. 

Selections  for  Reading*  l85 

leges  dedit,  et  sacra  ^  pliirima  instituit,  ut  populi  barbari  et 
bellicosi  mores  molliret.^  Omnia ^  autem,  quae  faciebat,  se 
nymphae  Egeriae,  conjugis  suae,  monitu*  facere^  dicebat. 
Morbo^  decessit  quadragesimo  tertio  imperii  anno.^ 

TULLUS    HOSTILIUS. 

438.  Numae^  successit  Tullus  Hostilius,  cujus  avus  se^  in 
bello  adversus  Sabinos  fortem  et  strenuum  virum  ^^  praestiterat. 
Rex^^  creatus  bellum  Albanis^  indixit,  idque  trigeminorum, 
Horatiorum  et  Ctiriatiorum,  certamine  ^^  f inivit.  Albam  prop- 
ter perfidiam  Mettii  Eufetii  diruit.  Cum  triginta  duo  annos  ^* 
regnasset,^^  f ulmine  ^^  ictus  ^^  cum  domo  sua  arsit. 

Angus  Marcius. 

439.  Post  hunc  Ancus  Marcius,  Numae  ex  f  ilia  nepos,  susce- 
pit  iraperium.  Hic  vir  aequitate^^  et  religione  avo^^  similis, 
Latinos  bello  ^  domuit,  urbem  ampliavit,  et  nova  ei  ^^  moenia 
circumdedit.  Carcerem  primus  ^  aedificavit.  Ad  Tiberis  ostia 
urbem  condidit,  Ostiamque  vocavit.  Vicesimo  quarto  anno^ 
imperii  morbo  ^^  obiit. 

Lucius  Tarquinius  Priscus. 

440.  Deinde  regnum  Lucius  Tarquinius  Priscus  accepit, 
Demarati  filius,  qui  tyrannos  patriae  Corinthi  fugiens  in  Etru- 
riam  venerat.  Ipse  Tarquinius,  qui  nomen  ab  urbe  Tarquiniis 
accepit,  aliquando  Eomam  ^  prof ectus  erat. 

441 .  Cum  Romae  ^  commoraretur,^  Anci  regis  f  amiliaritatem 
consecutus  est,  qui  eum^^  filiorum  suorum  ttitorem^  reliquit. 


1  281,  1. 

9  209. 

16  258. 

28  276. 

2  311. 

10  209. 

i'^  372,  6. 

24  259. 

8  281,  1. 

11  209,  3. 

18  269. 

25  216. 

4  259. 

12  220,  III. 

19  228. 

26  277. 

6  356. 

18  258. 

20  258. 

27  324,  B. 

6  259. 

14  215. 

21  220,  III. 

28  209. 

7  276. 

15  324,  B. 

22  284,2. 

29  209. 

8  220,  III. 

186  Selections  for  Reading, 

Sed  is  ptipillis  ^  regnum  intercepit.  Senatoribus,  quos  Eomulus 
creaverat,  centum  alios  addidit,  qui  minorum  gentium  sunt 
appellati.  Pltira  bella  feliciter  gessit,  nee  paucos  agros,  hosti- 
bus  ademptos,  urbis  territorio^  adjtinxit.  Primus^  triumphans 
urbeni  intravit.  Cloacas  fecit ;  Capitolium  incohavit.  Trice- 
simo  octavo  imperii  anno^  per  Anci  filios,  quibus  regnum 
eripuerat,  occlsus  est. 

Sebvius  Tullius. 

442.  Post  hunc  Servius  Tullius  suscepit  imperium,  genitus 
ex  iiobili  femina,  captiva  tamen  et  famula.  Cum  adolevisset,^ 
rex  ei  f  iliam  in  matrimonium  dedit. 

443.  Cum  Priscus  Tarquinius  occisus  esset,^  Tanaquil  de  su- 
periore  parte  domtis  populum  alloctita  est,  dicens  :  regem  ^  grave 
quidem,  sed  non  letale  vulmis  accepisse  ;  ^  eum  petere,  ut  populus, 
dum  convalmsset,^  Servio  Tullio^  oboediret}^  Sic  Servius  reg- 
nare  coepit,  sed  bene  imperium  administravit.  Montes  tres  urbi 
adjunxit.  Primus  omnium  censum  ordinavit.  Sub  eo  Eoma 
habuit  octoginta  tria  milia  cTvium  cum  liis,  qui  in  agris  erant. 

444.  Hic  rex  interf ectus  est  scelere  "  f iliae  Tulliae  et  Tar- 

quinii  Superbl,  filii  ejus  regis,  cui^-  Servius  successerat.     Nam 

ab  ipso  Tarquinio^^  interfectus  est.    Tullia  in  forum  properavit, 

et  prima  ^^  conjugem  ^^  regem  ^^  salutavit.  Cum  domum  ^^  rediret,^^ 

aurlgam  super  patris  corpus,  in  via  jacens,  carpentum  agere  ^^ 

jussit. 

Tarquinius  Superbus. 

445.  Tarquinius  Superbus  cognomen  moribus^  meruit. 
Bello^  tamen  strenuus  plures  finitimorum  populorum^  vicit. 


1224. 

7  356. 

13  253. 

18  324,  B. 

2  220,  III. 

8  356;  331,111, 

2. 

14  284,  2. 

19  367,  II. 

8  284,  2. 

9  220,  II,  a. 

15  209. 

20  259. 

,      4  276. 

10  336,  1. 

16  209. 

21  269. 

6  324,  B. 

11  258. 

17  216. 

22  236. 

6  324,  B. 

12  220,  III. 

Selections  for  Reading,  187 

Templum  Jovis  in  Capitolio  aedificavit.  Postea,  dum  Ardeam 
oppugnat/  urbem  Latii,  imperium  perdidit.  Nam  cum  filius 
ejus  Lucretiae,^  nobilissimae  feminae,  conjugi  Tarquinii  Col- 
latini,  vim  fecisset,^  haec  se  ipsa  occldit  in  conspectti  mariti, 
patrisj  amicorumque,  postquam  eos  obtestata  est^  ut  banc 
injtiriam  ulciscerentur.^ 

446.  Hanc  ob  cansam  L.  Brutus,  Collatmus,  aliique  nonntilli 
in  exitium  regis  conjtirarunt,  populoque^  persuaserunt,  ut  ei 
portas  urbis  clauderet/  Exercitus  quoque,  qui  civitatem  Ar- 
deam cum  rege  oppugnabat,  eum  reliquit.  Itaque  ftigit  cum 
uxore  et  liberis  suls.  Ita  Eomae  septem  reges  regnaverunt 
annos^  ducentos  quadraginta  tres. 

2.    Tlie  Early  Republic,  509-241  b.c. 
Institution  of  the  Republic,  510  b.c 

447.  Hinc  consules  coepere  ^  pro  uno  rege  duo  creari/^  ut, 
SI  tinus  malus  esset,  alter  eum  coerceret.^^  Annuum  eis  impe- 
rium tributum  est,  ne  per  dititurnitatem  potestatis  insolentiores 
redderentur.^^  Fuerunt  igitur  anno  ^'^  primo  expulsis  regibus  ^^ 
consules  L.  Junius  Brutus,  acerrimus  llbertatis  vindex,  et 
Tarquinius  Collatlnus  maritus  Lucretiae,  sed  CoUatmo  ^^  paulo  ^^ 
post  dignitas  adempta  est.  Placuerat  enim,  ne  quis  ex  Tar- 
quiniorum  familia  Romae  maneret.^''  Ergo  cum  omni  patri- 
monio  suo  ex  urbe  migravit,  et  in  ejus  locum  Valerius  Publicola 
consul  ^^  f  actus  est. 

Death  of  Brutus. 

448.  Commovit  bellum  urbi  rex  Tarquinius.  In  prima  pugna 
Brutus  consul,  et  Arrtins,  Tarquinii  filius,  inter  sese^^  occiderunt. 


1  331,  I. 

6  220,  II,  a. 

11  311. 

16  266. 

2  220,  I. 

7  336,  1. 

12  311. 

iJ'  336,  3. 

8  324,  B. 

8  215. 

13  276. 

18  209,  3. 

4  323. 

9  198. 

14  273. 

19  290. 

6  336,  1. 

10  364. 

15  224. 

188  Selections  for  Reading. 

Eomani  tamen  ex  ea  pugna  victores  recesserunt.  Brutum 
Romanae  matronae,  quasi  commimem  patrem,  per  annum  luxe- 
runt.  Valerius  Publicola  Spurium  Lucretium  ^  collegam  ^  sibi 
fecit;  cum  morbo  exstinctus  esset,^  Publicola  Horatium  Pul- 
villum  sibi  collegam  stimpsit.  Itaque  primus  annus  quinque 
consules  babuit. 

War  with  Porsena,  508  b.c. 

449.  Secundo  quoque  anno  *  iterum  Tarquinius  bellum  Ro- 
manis  ^  intulit,  Porsena/  rege  Etrtiscorum,  auxilium  ei  f erente. 
In  illo  bello  Horatius  Codes  solus  pontem  ligneum  defendit  et 
hostes  cohibuit,  dum  pons  a  tergo  ruptus  esset.^  Turn  se  cum 
armis  in  Tiberim  conjecit,  et  ad  suos^  transnavit. 

450.  Dum  Porsena  urbem  obsidet,^  Quintus  Mucins  Scaevola, 
juvenis  f ortis  animi  ^^  in  castra  hostium  se  contulit  eo  consilio, 
ut  regem  occlderet.^^  At  ibi  scribam  regis  pro  ipso  rege  inter- 
fecit.  Turn  a  regiis  satellitibus  ^^  comprehensus  et  ad  regem 
deductus,  cum  Porsena  eum  ignibus  ^^  allatis  terreret,^*  dextram 
arae  ^^  accensae  imposuit,  dum  flammis  constimpta  esset.^^  Hoc 
facinus  rex  miratus  juvenem  dimisit  incolumem.  Tum  hic, 
quasi  beneficium  referens,  ait,  trecentos  alios  juvenes  ^^  in  eum 
conjurdsse?^  Hac  re^^  territiis  Porsena  pacem  cum  Romanis 
fecit,  Tarquinius-  autem  Tusculum  ^^  se  contulit,  ibique  privatus 
cum  uxore  consenuit. 

Secession  of  the  Plebs,  494  b.c. 

451.  Sexto  decimo  anno  ^  post  reges  exactos,  populus  Eomae^ 
seditionem  fecit,  questus  quod  tribtitis  ^  et  militia  a  senatti  ex- 
hauriretur.^     Magna  pars  plebis  urbem  rellquit,  et  in  montem 


1209. 

7  331,  III,  2. 

13  273. 

19  216. 

2  209. 

8  281,  1. 

14  324,  B. 

20  276. 

3  324,  B. 

9  331,  I. 

15  220,  III. 

21  277. 

4  276. 

10  237. 

16  331,  III,  2. 

22  258. 

6  220,  III. 

11  311. 

i''356. 

28  319. 

6  273. 

12  253. 

18  258. 

Selections  for  Reading,  189 

trans  Anienem  amnem  secessit.  Turn  patres  turbatl  Menenium 
Agrippam  niiserunt  ad  plebeni  qui  earn  senatui  conciliaret.^ 
Hic  els  inter  alia^  fabulam  narravit  de  ventre  et  inembris 
human!  corporis ;  qua  ^  populus  commotus  est,  ut  in  urbem 
rediret.^  Turn  primum  tribuni  plebis  creati  sunt,  qui  plebem 
adversum  nobilitatis  superbiam  defenderent.^ 

TREASOlSr    OF    COKIOLANUS,    492    B.C. 

452.  Octavo  decimo  anno^  post  exactos  reges  Q.  Marcius, 
Coriolanus^  dictus  ab  urbe  Yolscorum  Coriolls,  quam  bello 
ceperat,  plebi  ^  invlsus  fieri  coepit.  Quare  urbe  ^  expulsus  ad 
Volscos,  acerrimos  Eomanorum  hostes,  contendit,  et  ab  eis^^ 
dux^^  exercitus  f actus  Eomanos  saepe  vicit.  Jam  usque  ad 
quintum  milliarium  urbis  accesserat,  nee  ullis  civium  suorum 
legationibus  flecti  poterat,  ut  patriae  parceret.^^  Denique  Ve- 
turia  mater  et  Volumnia  uxor  ex  urbe  ad  eum  venerunt; 
quarum  fletu^^  et  precibus  commotus  est,  ut  exercitum  re- 
moveret.^^  Quo^^  facto  a^^  Yolscis  ut  proditor  occlsus  esse 
dicitur. 

Battle  of  the  Cremera,  477  B.C. 

453.  Cum  Eomani  adversum  Vejentes  bellum  gererent,^^ 
familia  FabiOrum  sola  hoc  bellum  suscepit.  Profecti  sunt 
trecenti  sex  nobilissimi  homines,  duce  ^^  Eabio  consule.  Cum 
saepe  hostes  vicissent,  apud  Cremeram  fluvium  castra  posue- 
runt.  Ibi,  cum  Vejentes  dolo^^  usi  eos  in  Insidias  pellexissent, 
in  proelio  exorto  omnes  perierunt.  Unus  superfuit  ex  tanta 
familia,  qui  propter  aetatem  puerilem  duci  non  potuerat  ad 


1  311,  2. 

6  276. 

11  209,  3. 

16  253. 

2  281, 1. 

7  209,  3. 

12  336, 1. 

I''  324,  B, 

8  258. 

8  228. 

18  258. 

18  273. 

4  336,  1. 

9  251. 

14  336, 1. 

19  258,  1. 

6  311,  2. 

10  253. 

16  273. 

190  Selections  for  Reading. 

pugnam.     Hic  genus  propagavit  ad  Quintum  Eabium  Maxi- 
mum ilium,  qui  Hannibalem  prudent!  cunctatione  debilitavit. 

The  Decemvirs. 

454.  Anno  trecentesimo  et  altero  ab  urbe  condita  decemviri 
creati  sunt,  qui  civitati  leges  scrlberent.^  Hi  primo  anno  bene 
egerunt;  secundo  autem  dominationem  exercere^  coeperunt. 
Sed  cum  tinus  eorum,  Appius  Claudius,  virginem  ingenuam, 
Virginiam,  Virginii  centurionis  filiam,  corrumpere  vellet,  pater 
eam  occidit.  Tum  ad  milites  proftigit  eosque  ad  seditionem 
commovit.  Adempta  est  decemvirls^  potestas,  ipslque  omnes 
aut  morte  *  aut  exsilio  puniti  sunt. 

The  Siege  of  Veil 

455.  In  bello  contra  Vejentanos  Furius  Camillus  urbem 
Ealerios  obsidebat.  In  qua  obsidione  cum  Itidi  litterarii 
magister  principum  filios  ex  urbe  in  castra  hostium  dtixisset, 
Camillus  hoc  donum  non  accepit,  sed  scelestum  hominem, 
manibus^  post  tergum  vinctis,  pueris  Palerios  redticendum 
tradidit;  virgasque  els  dedit,  quibus  proditorem  in  urbem 
agerent.^  Hac  tanta  animi  nobilitate  commoti  Falisci  urbem 
Eoraanis  tradiderunt.  Camillo  autem  apud  Eomanos  crimini^ 
datum  est,  quod  albis  equis  triumphasset  ^  et  praedam  inaeque 
divlsisset ;  damnatus  ob  eam  causam  et  civitate  ^  expulsus  est. 

Rome  captured  by  the  Gauls,  390  b.c. 

456.  Paulo  ^^  post  Galli  Senones  ad  urbem  venerunt,  Eo- 
manos ad  flumen  Alliam  vicerunt,  et  urbem  etiam  occuparunt. 
Jam  nihil  praeter  Capitolium  defend!  potuit.  Et  jam  praesi- 
dium  fame  ^^  laborabat,  et  in  eo  erant,  ut  pacem  a  Gallls  auro  ^^ 

1311,2.  4  258.  J' 227.  10266. 

2  364.  6  273.  8  319.  11259. 

«224.  6  311,2.  9  251.  12  268. 


Selections  for  Reading,  191 

emerent,^  cum  Camillus  cum  manti  militum  superveniens  hostes 
magno  proelio  ^  superavit. 

Achievement  of  Titus  Manlius  Torquatus,  361  b.c. 

457.  Anno  trecentesimo  nonagesimo  tertio  post  urbem  con- 
ditam  Galli  iterum  ad  urbem  accesserant,  et  quarto  mllliario 
trans  Anienem  fluvium  consederaut.  Contra  eos  missus  est 
Titus  Quinctius.  Ibi  Gallus  quidam  eximia  corporis  magni- 
ttidine  ^  fortissimum  Eomanorum  ad  certamen  singulare  provo- 
cavit.  Titus  Manlius,  nobilissimus  juvenis,  provocationem 
accepit,  Galium  occidit,  eumque  torque^  aureo  spoliavit,  quo 
ornatus  erat.  Hinc  et  ipse  et  posterl  ejus  Torquatl^  appellati 
sunt.     Galli  fugam  capessiverunt. 

Marcus  Valerius  Corvinus,  348  b.c 

458.  Novo  bello  ^  cum  Gallis  exorto,  anno  urbis  quadringen- 
tesimo  sexto,  iterum  Gallus  processit  robore  atque  armis  insig- 
nis,  et  provocavit  tinum  ex  Romanis  ut  secum  armIs  decerneret.'' 
Tum  se  M.  Valerius,  tribtinus  militum,  obtulit ;  et,  cum  proces- 
sisset  armatus,  corvus  ei^  supra  dextrum  bracchium  sedit. 
Mox,  commissa  pugna,^  hic  corvus  alis^^  et  unguibus  Galli 
oculos  verberavit.  Ita  factum  est  ut  Gallus  ntillo  negotio  a 
Valerio  interficeretur,^^  qui  hinc  Corvini  nomeii  accepit. 

War  with  the  Samnites,  323  b.c. 

459.  Postea  Romani  bellum  gesserunt  cum  Samnitibus,  ad 
quod  L.  Papirius  Cursor  cum  honore  dictatoris  profectus  est. 
Qui  cum  negotii  cujusdam  causa  Eomam  ^^  rediisset,  praecepit 
Q.  Fabio  Rulliano,^^  magistro  equitum,  quem  apud  exercitum  reli- 
quit,  ne  pugnam  cum  hoste  committer et.^^     Sed  ille,  occasionem 


1342. 

5  209,  3. 

9  273. 

12  216. 

2  258. 

6  273. 

10  258. 

18  220,  II,  a. 

8  267. 

7  336,  1. 

11  342,  2. 

14  336, 1. 

4  251. 

8  224. 

192  Selections  for  Reading, 

nactus,  felicissime  dimicavit,  et  Samnites  delevit.  Ob  banc 
rem  a  dictatore  capitis  ^  damnatus  est.  At  ille  in  urbem  con- 
ftigit,  et  ingenti  favore^  militum  et  populi  liberatus  est;  in 
Papirium  autem  tanta  exorta  est  seditio,  nt  paene  ipse  inter- 
ficeretur.^ 

Battle  of  the  Caudine  Forks,  321  b.c. 

460.  Duobus  annis  ^  post  T.  Yeturius  et  Spurius  PostTimius 
consules  bellum  adversum  Samnites  gerebant.  Hi  a  Pontio 
Telesmo/  duce  hostium,  in  insidias  induct!  sunt.  Nam  ad 
Furculas  Caudinas  Eomanos  pellexit  in  angiistias,  unde  sese 
expedire  non  poterant.  Ibi  Pontius  patrem  suum  Herennium 
rogavit,  quid  faciendum  putaret.^  Ille  respondit,  aut  omnes 
occidendos  esse  ^  ut  Bomdnorum  vires  frangerentur,^  aut  omnes 
dimittendos,  ut  beneficio  ohligdrentur,  Pontius  utrumque  con- 
silium improbavit,  omnesque  sub  jugum  misit.  Samnites  de- 
nique  post  bellum  undequlnquaginta  annorum  superati  sunt. 

War  with  Pyrrhus,  281  b.c. 

461.  Devictis  Samnitibus,^  Tarentinis  ^^  bellum  indictum  est, 
quia  legatis  Romanorum  injtiriam  fecissent."  Hi  Pyrrhum,^^ 
Epiri  regem,  contra  Eomanos  auxilium  ^^  poposcerunt.  Is  mox 
in  Italiam  venit,  tumque  primum  Eomaiil  cum  transmarino 
hoste  pugnaverunt.  Missus  est  contra  eum  consul  Ptiblius 
Valerius  Laevinus.  Hie,  cum  exploratores  Pyrrhl  cepisset, 
jussit  eos  per  castra  dud,  tumque  dimitti,  ut  rentintiarent  ^^ 
Pyrrho,  quaecumque  a  Eomanis  '^  agerentur. 

462.  Pugna^^  commissa,  Pyrrhus  auxilio^^  elepbantormn 
vicit.     Nox  proelio  finem  dedit.     Laevinus  tarn  en  per  noctem 


1244. 

6  343. 

10  220,  III. 

14  311. 

2  259. 

7  356. 

11  319. 

16  253. 

«317. 

8  311. 

12  213. 

16  273. 

4  266. 

9  273. 

18  213. 

17  258. 

6  253. 

Selections  for  Reading,  193 

fugit.  Pyrrhus  Eomanos  miUe  octingentos  cepit,  eosque  summo 
honore^  tractavit.  Cum  eos,  qui  in  proelio  interfecti  erant, 
omnes  adversis  vulneribus  ^  et  truci  vultti  ^  etiam  mortuos 
jacere  ^  videret,  tulisse  ad  caelum  mantis  dicitur  cum  hac  voce : 
^' Ego  cum  talihus  viris  brevi^  orbem  terrdrum  subigam.'^ 

463.  Postea  Pyrrhus  Eomam^  perrexit ;  omnia  ferro  ignique 
vastavit;  Campaniam  depopulatus  est,  atque  ad  Praeneste 
venit,  milliario  ab  urbe  octavo  decimo.  Mox  terrore  ^  exercitus, 
qui  cum  consule  ^  sequebatur,  in  Campaniam  se  recepit.  Legati 
ad  Pyrrhum  de  captivis  redimendis^  missi  honorifice  ab  eo^ 
suscepti  sunt ;  captivos  sine  pretio  reddidit.  Unum  ex  legatis, 
Pabricium  sic  admiratus  est  ut  el  quartam  partem  regni  sui 
promitteret/^  si  ad  se  transiret,^^  sed  a  Pabricio  contemptus  est. 

464.  Cum  jam  Pyrrhus  ingenti  Eomanorum  admiratione  ^^ 
teneretur,  legatum  misit  Cineam,  praestantissimum  virum,  qui 
pacem  peteret  ^^  ea  condicione,  ut  Pyrrhus  eam  partem  Italiae 
quam  armis^^  occupaverat  obtineret.  RomanI  responderunt, 
eum  cum  Romdnis  pdcem  habere  non  posse  ^^  nisi  ex  Italia  reces- 
sisset}^  Cineas  cum  rediisset,  Pyrrho  eum  interroganti,  qualis 
ipsi  Poma  visa  esset/^  respondit,  se  regum  patriam  vidisse. 

Integrity  of  Pabricius. 

465.  In  altero  proelio  Pyrrhus  vulneratus  est,  elephant! 
interfecti,  viginti  milia  hostium  caesa  sunt.  Pyrrhus  Taren- 
tum  ^  fugit.  Inter jecto  anno,  Pabricius  contra  eum  missus  est. 
Ad  hunc  medicus  Pyrrhi  nocte^^  venit  promittens,  se  Pyrrhum 
veneno  occisurum  si  mtinus  sibi   daretur.^    Hunc   Pabricius 


1260. 

6  259. 

11  356. 

16  356. 

2  267. 

7  265. 

12  258. 

1^343. 

8  356. 

8  377, 1. 

18  311,  2. 

18  216. 

4  276. 

9  253. 

1*  258. 

19  276. 

6  216. 

10  317. 

16  356. 

20  356. 

. 

194  Selections  for  Reading, 

vinctum  redtici^  jussit  ad  dominum.  Tunc  rex  admiratus  ilium 
dixisse  fertur:  "  Ille  est  Fabricius,  qui  difficilius  ah  honestate 
quam  sol  a  cursu  sud  aveHl  potest.''^  Paulo  post  Pyrrhus  tertio 
etiara  proelio  ftisus  a  Tarento  recessit,  et,  cum  in  Graeciam 
rediisset,  ad  Argos,  Peloponnesi  urbem,  interfectus  est. 

First  Punic  War,  264  b.c. 

466.  Anno  quadringentesimo  nonagesimo  post  urbem  con- 
ditam  Koraanorum  exercittis  primum  in  Siciliam  trajecerunt, 
regemque  Syractisarum  Hieronem,  Poenosque,  qui  multas 
civitates  in  ea  insula  occupaverant,  superaverunt.  Quinto  anno 
hujus  belli,  quod  contra  Poenos  gerebatur,  primum  Eomani, 
Gaio  Duilio,  Gnaeo  Cornelio  Asina  consulibus,^  marl  dlmicave- 
runt.  Duilius  Carthaginienses  vicit,  triginta  naves  occupavit, 
quattuordecim  mersit,  septem  milia  hostium  ^  cepit,  tria  milia 
occldit.     Nulla  victoria  Romanis  ^  gratior  f uit. 

The  Romans  invade  Africa,  256  b.c. 

467.  Panels  annis  inter jectis,  bellum  in  Africam  est  trans- 
latum.  Hamilcar,  Carthaginiensium  dux,  pugna^  navall  supe- 
ratus  est;  nam,  perditis  sexaginta  quattuor  navibus,  se  recepit; 
RomanI  vigintl  duas  amiserunt.  Cum  in  Africam  venissent, 
Poenos  in  pltiribus  proeliis  vicerunt,  magnam  vim  hominum 
ceperunt,  septuaginta  quattuor  civitates  in  fidem  acceperunt. 
Tum  victi  Carthaginienses  pacem  a  Romanis  ^  petierunt.  Quam 
cum  Marcus  Atllius  Regulus,  Romanorum  dux,  dare  nollet  nisi 
dtirissimls  condicionibus,  Carthaginienses  auxilium  petierunt 
a  Lacedaemonils.  Hi  Xanthippum  miserunt,  qui  Romanum 
exercitum  magno  proelio  vIcit.  Regulus  ipse  captus  et  in  vin- 
cula  conjectus  est. 

1  367,  II.  8  236.  5  258. 

2  273,1.  4  228.  6  213,2. 


Selections  for  Reading,  195 

Patriotism  of  Eegulus,  250  B.C. 

468.  Non  tamen  ubique  forttina  Carthaginiensibus  ^  favit. 
Cum  aliquot  proeliis^  victi  essent,  Eegulum  rogaverunt,  ut 
Eomam  proficisceretur,^  et  pacem  captivorumque  permuta- 
tionem  a  Romanis  obtineret.  Ille  cum  Eomam  ^  venisset, 
inductus  in  senatum  dixit,  se  desiisse  ^  Romanum  esse  ex  ilia 

.  die,  qua  ^  in  potestatem  Poenorum  venisset.^  Tum  Eomanis '' 
suasit,  ne  pacem  cum  Carthaginiensibus  facer ent :  ^  illos  enim 
tot  casibus  fractos  spem  nullam  nisi  in  pace  habere :  tanti  non 
esse,^  ut  tot  milia  captivorum  propter  se  unum  et  paucos,  qui  ex 
Romanis  capti  essent,^  redderentur,  Haec  sententia  obtinuit. 
Eegressus  igitur  in  Africam  crtidelissimis  suppliciis  exstinctus 
est. 

Close  of  the  First  Punic  War,  241  b.c. 

469.  Tandem  C.  Lutatio  Catulo,  A.  Postumio  consulibus,^^ 
anno  belli  Ptinici  vicesimo  tertio  magnum  proelium  iiavale 
commissum  est  contra  Lilybaeum,  promunturium  Siciliae.  In 
eo  proelio  septuaginta  tres  Carthaginiensium  naves  captae, 
centum  vigintl  quinque  demersae,  triginta  duo  milia  hostium  ^^ 
capta,  tredecim  milia  occisa  sunt.  Statim  Carthaginienses 
pacem  petierunt,  eisque  pax  tributa  est.  Captivl  Eomano- 
rum,  qui  tenebantur  a  Carthaginiensibus,  redditi  sunt.  Poeni 
Sicilia,^^  Sardinia,  et  ceteris  insulis,  quae  inter  Italiam  Afri- 
cam que  jacent,  decesserunt,  omnemque  Hispaniam,  quae  citra 
Hiberum  est,  Eomanis  permiserunt. 

1  220,  II,  a.  4  216.  7  220,  II,  a.  lo  273,  1. 

2  258.  5  356.  8  336,  1.  n  236. 
8  336,  1.                       6  276.                          9  356.  ^  251. 


NOTES  ON  THE  SELECTIONS  FOR  READING. 


414.  ei :  for  her.  pariebat :  notice  the  imperfect  tense,  which  is 
regularly  used  to  denote  a  customary  or  repeated  action.  illam  :  this 
is  the  subject  of  celdre  ;  mdssam  is  the  object.  repperit :  from  reperio. 
nisi  quod :  except  what ;  the  antecedent  of  quod  is  id  understood. 
minores  :  i.e.  lesser  riches;  understand  divitids. 

415.  pascebantur  :  used  to  graze.  dissidio  . . .  orto  :  when  discord 
arose  or  since  discord  arose,  lit.  discord  having  arisen.  In  rendering  the 
ablative  absolute,  pains  should  be  taken  to  translate  it  by  an  equivalent 
English  idiom.  quantum  boni :  how  great  advantage,  lit.  how  much 
of  good. 

416.  Cui  :  indirect  object  of  inquit.  bourn  :  gen.  plu.  of  bos. 
ista  :  your,  lit.  that,  that  of  yours.  quod :  in  that ;  the  clause  quod 
pateris  is  explanatory  of  invidia.  pateris :  from  patior.  nee  .  .  . 
nee  :  neither  .  .  .  nor.  velis,  possis  :  these  verbs  are  in  the  subjunc- 
tive by  attraction.  In  Latin,  a  clause  dependent  upon  a  subjunctive  is 
regularly  attracted  into  the  same  mood. 

417.  Duo:  two  men.        una:  t\iQ  di^^Y.,  together.        iter  faciebant : 

were  travelling,  lit.  were  making  a  journey.        nee :  and  .  .  .  not. 

418.  praetereunti :  who  was  passing  by;  pres.  participle  of  praetereo. 

419.  ille :  i.e.  the  farmer.  eum  :  the  mouse.  quod  desperSre 
debeat:  that  it  ought  to  despair;  quod  is  the  relative  ;  clauses  of  result 
are  sometimes  introduced  by  relatives.  mode  .  .  .  velit :  provided  it 
wishes  ;  modo  in  this  sense  is  regularly  followed  by  the  subjunctive. 

420.  qui  .  .  .  extrahat :  to  pull  it  out.  Hoe  :  i.e.  the  removal  of 
the  bone.  parva  merees  :  this  is  the  predicate  nominative  with  vide- 
tur,  the  subject  of  videtur  being  the  clause  quod  .  .  .  extrdxisti,  that  you 
took  your  head  out  unharmed. 

421.  inquiunt :  3d  plu.  of  inquam  ;  its  subject  is  hostes.  hoe  ipsum  : 
this  very  thing.        eum  :  though. 

422.  Agrieola  senex :   an  old  farmer.        mortem  sibi  appropin- 

quare :  that  death  was  approaching  him,  lit.  death  to  approach  himself 

196 


Notes  on  Selections  for  Reading,  197 

ut  fieri  solet :  as  is  wont  to  happen.  noverat :  knew  ;  the  perfect  of 
nosed  has  the  force  of  the  present  in  the  sense,  I  know,  and  the  pluperfect 
similarly  has  the  force  of  the  imperfect.  ut  frangerent :  to  break. 
Observe  that  frangerent  is  in  the  imperfect,  although  hortdtur  is  in  the 
present.  At  first  sight  this  seems  to  violate  the  principle  for  the  sequence 
of  tenses ;  but  hortdtur  is  w^hat  is  called  an  Historical  Present,  i.e.  it 
really  refers  to  the  past,  and  hence  is  treated  as  an  historical  tense. 
Quod  cum  facere  non  possent :  and  when  they  could  not  do  this,  lit. 
when  they  could  not  do  which  ;  it  is  very  common  in  Latin  to  introduce  a 
sentence  by  a  relative,  where  in  English  we  should  employ  a  demonstra- 
tive or  personal  pronoun  with  a  conj.,  —  and  he,  hut  he,  and  this,  hut  this^ 
etc,  fractis:  i.e.  by  the  sons.  quamque :  and  how;  que  is  the 
enclitic. 

423.  quo  modo  .  .  .  caverent :  as  to  how  they  should  guard  against 
the  cat.  multis  aliis  propositis :  when  many  other  things  had  heen 
proposed,  posse  :  this  infinitive  depends  upon  the  idea  of  thinking 
involved  in  placuit,  etc.  cum  jam  quaereretur,  etc. :  when  it  came 
to  asking  who  would  fasten,  lit.  when  it  ivas  already  asked,  etc.  ;  qui  is  the 
interrogative  ;  this  form  (instead  of  quis)  often  occurs  in  indirect  ques- 
tions. 

424.  sesS :  it,  i.e.  the  tortoise.  eam,  rem :  earn  is  subject  of 
petere ;  rem  is  the  object.  arreptam  sustulit :  snatched  up  and 
carried. 

425.  Prima  :  understand  pars.  Sit :  third  sing,  of  pres.  ind.  of  ajo. 
et :  also.  qui  :  its  antecedent  is  the  following  is.  inimicum :  as 
an  enemy.  Quid  facerent,  etc, :  what  were  the  beasts  to  dof  •  quae  : 
which  one  ? 

426.  Saturnus :  the  god  Saturn.  Janiculo  :  the  Janiculum  was  a 
hill  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tiber,  directly  opposite  the  seven  hills  on 
which  Rome  was  built. 

427.  Troja :  the  famous  city  in  northwestern  Asia  Minor.  The 
mythical  date  of  its  overthrow  is  1184  b.c.  Hinc :  i.e.  from  Troy. 
pepercerat :  from  pared.  ei  benigne  recept5  dedit :  received  him 
kindly  and  gave  him,  lit.  gave  to  him  having  been  kindly  received.  in 
matrimonium,  in  hondrem :  in  marriage,  in  honor;  the  Latin  says 
into. 

428.  monte  Albano  :  in  Latium  about  twenty  miles  S.E.  of  Rome. 
Alba  Longa  :  lit.  the  long  white  {town);  so  called  from  the  fact  that  its 
white  buildings  stretched  for  a  long  distance  over  the  ridge  of  the  hill. 
genitus  erat :  from  gignd.  usque  ad  Romam  conditam  :  up  to  the 
very  founding  of  Rome,  lit.  even  up  to  Borne  founded. 


198  Notes  on  Selections  for  Reading, 

429.  tonaret:  impersonal.  praecipitatus  est:  fell  headlong, 
minor  natu :  the  younger^  lit.  the  lesser  as  to  birth.  reliquisset :  inas- 
much as  the  preceding  indirect  question  is  indirect  discourse,  reliquisset 
is  a  subordinate  clause  in  indirect  discourse  ;  hence  the  subjunctive. 

430.  Vestalem  virginem :  there  were  six  Vestal  virgins  ;  their  duty- 
was  to  watch  the  fire  which  was  kept  constantly  burning  on  the  hearth  of 
Vesta's  temple.  a  Marte:  by  (lit.  from)  Mars.  peperit:  from 
pario, 

431.  ultra  ripam,  etc.:  i.e.  had  overflowed  its  banks.,  lit.  had  poured 
itself  beyond  the  bank.  effuderat  is  from  effundo.  essent  positi  = 
positi  essent ;  from  pond.  in  sicco  :  on  dry  land;  sicco  is  used  sub- 
stantively. Quod :  this,  lit.  which  ;  another  illustration  of  the  use  of 
the  relative  pronoun,  where  in  English  we  naturally  employ  the  demon- 
strative,       sustulit:  from  ^oZZo.        nutriendos  :  to  be  cared  for. 

432.  transegerunt :  from  trdnsigo.  adolevissent :  from  adolesco. 
fratrem  irridens  :  in  ridicule  of  his  brother,  lit.  ridiculing. 

433.  populis  :  the  pupil  should  bear  in  mind  that  this  means  tribes, 
not  people  in  the  ordinary  English  sense.  ipsos  :  very.  spectantes : 
as  they  loere  looking  on. 

434.  raptores  :  those  who  had  seized  (the  maidens).  quod  :  what 
(that  which)  ;  as  antecedent,  understand  id,  object  of  darent.  et  ea : 
those  also,  those  too  ;  et  is  here  an  adverb. 

435.  Forum  Romanum :  the  Forum  was  situated  on  level  ground 
surrounded  by  six  of  the  seven  hills  of  Home.  raptae  :  the  (women 
who  had  been)  seized.  hinc  .  .  .  hinc :  on  the  one  side  .  .  .  on  the 
other. 

436.  discripsit :  i.e.  organized  different  political  and  social  classes. 
cimi  .  .  .  tum  :  not  only  .  .  .  but  also,  lit.  when  .  .  .  then  (while  .  .  . 
at  the  same  time) .  ortam  :  from  orior.  oculis  :  from  the  eyes ; 
oculis  is  really  dative  ;  verbs  of  taking  away  at  times  take  the  dative  in 
the  sense  of  from.        alii  .  .  .  alii:  some  .  .  .  others. 

437.  interregnum  :  interregnum,  i.e.  a  period  between  reigns.  Curi- 
bus :  this  limits  ndtus.  quidem:  to  be  sure;  observe  that  quidem 
always  lays  stress  upon  the  word  immediately  preceding  it  (here  bellum); 
frequently  it  is  best  to  attempt  no  special  translation  of  quidem,  but  to 
bring  out  its  force  in  English  by  the  arrangement  of  words  or  by  oral 
emphasis.  gessit :  from  gero.  nee  minus  tamen  profuit :  and 
yet  he  was  none  the  less  of  advantage,        et  .  .  .  et :   both  .  .  .  and. 


Notes  on  Selections  for  Reading,  199 

86  nymphae  :  etc. :  he  said  he  did  at  the  advice  of  the  nymph  Egeria^  his 
icife. 

438.  praestiterat:  from  praes^o.  xe^ndiSBet  =  r eg ndvisset.  arsit: 
remember  that  drdeo  is  intransitive. 

439.  nova  ei  moenia  circumdedit :  surrounded  it  with  new  walls^ 
lit.  surrounded  new  walls  to  it.  ad  Tiberis  ostia :  Kome  was  some 
twenty  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber  by  the  course  of  the  river. 
obiit:  died^  lit.  met  (death). 

441.  pupillis  ;  from  his  wards.  minorum  gentium  :  understand 
sendtores,  i.e.  senators  of  the  lesser  gentes  (tribes),  nee  paucos  agros: 
and  not  afeiv  lands.  hostibus  :  from  the  enemy  :  dative.  ademp- 
tos :  from  adimo.  triumphans  :  iyi  a  triumphal  procession,  lit.  tri- 
umphing. Cloacas:  several  of  the  ancient  Roman  sewers  still  exist 
and  are  in  use  to-day.  Capitolium :  the  magnificent  temple  on  the 
summit  of  the  Capitol ine  Hill.  It  was  dedicated  to  Jupiter,  Juno,  and 
Minerva.  per  Anci  filios  :  i.e.  at  their  instigation;  they  hired  assas- 
sins to  perform  the  deed.         quibus  :  from  whom  ;  dative. 

443.  grave  quidem  :  serious^  to  he  sure.  eum  petere  :  that  he  re- 
quested, dum  convaluisset :  until  he  should  recover.  in  agris  :  in 
the  country. 

444.  jacens  :  (which  was)  lying. 

445.  Templum  Jovis  :  the  one  begun  by  Tarquinius  Priscus.  ipsa : 
with  her  own  hand. 

446.  Hanc  ob  causam  :  when  a  noun  is  limited  by  an  adjective  or  a 
pronoun,  the  preposition  very  often  stands  between  the  two.  in  exi- 
tium:  for  the  destruction.         ei:  i.e.  against  him. 

447.  si  .  .  ».  esset :  esset  is  in  the  subjunctive  as  the  result  of  attrac- 
tion to  the  subjunctive  coerceret.  insolentiores  :  too  arrogant.  ex- 
pulsis  regibus :  after  the  expulsion  of  the  kings.  CoUatino  :  from 
Collatinus  (dative).  Placuerat :  they  had  ordained,  lit.  it  had  pleased 
(them).        in  ejus  locum  :  in  his  place. 

448.  urbi :  against  the  city.  inter  sese  occiderunt :  killed  each 
other.  Romani  .  .  .  victores  recesserunt :  the  Bomans  retired  as 
victors  ;  victores  is  the  predicate  nominative.         luxerunt  :  from  lugeo. 

449.  Horatius  Codes  :  read  Macaulay's  Horatius  at  the  Bridge  (Lays 
of  Ancient  Borne)  for  a  spirited  account  of  Horatius's  achievement.  ad 
suos  :  to  his  friends. 

450.  eo  c5nsilid,  etc.  :  with  this  design,  viz.  to  kill  the  king ;  the 
clause  ut  .  .  .  occMeret  is  in  apposition  with  consilio.        ignibus  allatls : 


200  Notes  on  Selections  for  Reading, 

by  bringing  in  fires;  alldtis  is  from  affero.  terreret :  i.e.  endeavored 
to  frighten  him.  accensae  :  burning^  lit.  kindled.  consumpta 
esset :  tliis  loss  of  his  right  hand  was  the  origin  of  the  name  Scaevola, 
*the  left-handed.'  conjurasse  :  a  shortened  form  for  conjurdvisse. 
privatus  :  as  a  private  citizen. 

451.  post  reges  exactos :  after  the  expulsion  of  the  kings.  trans 
Anienem  :  hardly  more  than  three  or  four  miles  from  the  city.  fabu- 
1am  de  ventre,  etc.  :  according  to  the  fable,  the  limbs  of  the  body  once 
rebelled  and  refused  longer  to  furnish  food  for  the  stomach.  Menenius 
pointed  out  that  the  governing  class  at  Rome  was  really  just  as  essential 
to  the  welfare  of  the  state,  as  was  the  stomach  to  the  welfare  of  the  body. 
tribuni :  at  first  two  in  number,  later  five,  and  ultimately  ten.  By  their 
power  of  intercession  they  could  protect  plebeians  from  the  unjust  treat- 
ment of  which  the  patrician  magistrates  were  often  guilty. 

452.  quintum  milliarium  urbis  :  fifth  milestone  from  the  city.  Quo 
facto  :  and  when  this  had  been  done.        ut  proditor  :  as  a  traitor. 

453.  duce  Fabio  :  under  the  leadership  of  Fabius.  hostes :  obj. 
of  vicissent,  dolo  usi :  having  employed  deceit.  exorto :  from 
exorior,        Unus  :  07ie  only, 

454.  trecentesimo  et  altero  :  the  three  hundred  and  second,  ab 
urbe  condita  :  from  the  founding  of  the  city. 

455.  ludi  litterarli :  the  two  words  together  mean  school,  lit.  a  school 
for  letters  (reading  and  writing),  as  opposed,  for  example,  to  a  gladia- 
torial school,  where  gladiators  were  trained.  principum  filios  :  as 
hostages.  in  castra  hostium  :  i.e.  of  the  Romans.  manibus  .  .  . 
vinctis  :  with  his  hands  tied  behind  his  back.  quibus  .  .  .  agerent : 
with  which  to  drive.  Camillo  crimini  .  .  .  datum  est :  lit.  it  was  set 
against  Camillus  for  a  charge,  i.e.  Camillus  was  accused.  trium- 
phasset :  =  triumphdvisset.  damnatus  :  understand  est  from  expulsus 
est. 

456.  Paulo  post :  post  is  here  an  adverb.  Galli  Senones  :  a  tribe 
from  northern  Italy.  ad  Alliam  :  the  Allia  was  a  small  river  flowing 
into  the  Tiber  about  eleven  miles  from  Rome.  occuparunt  =  occu- 
pdverunt.  in  eo,  etc. :  were  on  the  point  of  purchasing,  lit.  were  in 
this,  {viz.)  that  they  should  purchase ;  ut  ,  ,  .  emerent  explains  eo. 

457.  quarto  mUliario :  at  the  fourth  milestone  ;  abl.  of  place,  with- 
out the  prep. 

458.  secum  :  =  cum  se  ;  the  preposition  cum  is  always  thus  appended 
to  the  personal  and  reflexive  pronouns.       obtulit :  from  offero.       arma- 


Notes  on  Selections  for  Heading,  201 

tus  :  in  arms.  ei  supra  dextrum,  etc.  :  perched  above  his  right  arm, 
lit.  above  the  right  arm  to  him.  Ita  factum  est :  thus  it  happened. 
nuUo  negotio  ;  with  no  difficultyf  i.e.  without  difficulty. 

459.  dictatoris :  on  occasions  of  great  public  danger,  the  Romans 
often  appointed  a  dictator,  who  had  absolute  power.  His  period  of  office 
was  limited  to  six  months.  Qui  cum  :  ichen  he.  magistro  equi- 
tum  :  the  master  of  the  horse  was  appointed  by  the  dictator  and  ranked 
next  to  him.  nactus :  from  nanciscor.  capitis  damnatus  est : 
tms  condemned  to  death,  lit.  of  his  head  (i.e.  of  his  life). 

460.  post :  adv.  faciendum  :  i.e.  faciendum  esse.  aut  .  .  .  aut : 
either  .  ,  .  or.  dimittendos :  understand  esse.  sub  jugum  :  in 
token  of  submission ;  the  yoke  was  made  by  setting  two  spears  in  the 
ground  and  laying  a  third  across  the  top. 

461.  poposcerunt :  from  posco.  agerentur :  subjunctive  by  attrac- 
tion to  renuntidrent. 

462.  per  noctem  :  by  night.  adversis  vulneribus :  with  wounds 
in  front.  etiam  mortuos  :  eve7i  in  death.  Ego  cum  talibus  viris 
.  .  .  subigam  :  this  is  equivalent  to  a  conditional  sentence  of  the  second 
type,  If  I  should  have  such  soldiers,  I  should  subdue. 

463.  perrexit :  from  per  go.  ad  Praeneste :  to  the  vicinity  of 
Praeneste  ;  to  say  :  to  Praeneste,  the  accusative  alone  would  have  sufficed. 
milliario,  etc. :  at  the  eighteenth  milestone ;  abl.  of  place,  without  the 
prep.  exercitus  :  objective  gen.  depending  upon  terrbre  ;  fear  of  the 
army.  de  captivis  redimendis :  xmth  regard  to  ransoming  the  cap- 
tildes.  si  transiret :  this  is  virtually  a  subordinate  clause  in  indirect 
discourse,  since  promitteret  is  practically  equivalent  to  said  he  would  give 
him. 

464.  admiratione  teneretur :  in  English,  we  say :  to  be  filled  with 
admiration.  ea  condicione  :  explained  by  the  following  i^^clause. 
nisi  recessisset :  unless  he  should  withdraio. 

465.  interjects  anno  :  after  the  lapse  of  a  year,  lit.  a  year  having  been 
put  between.  "  lUe  est  Fabricius  qui"  :  Fabricius  is  one  who.  a 
Tarento  :  from  the  vicinity  of  Tarentum  ;  to  say :  from  Tarentum,  the 
ablative  alone  would  have  sufficed.         ad  Argos :  near  Argi  (Argos). 

466.  trajecerunt:  here  intransitive, — crossed  over. 

467.  Faucis  annis  interjectis  :  after  the  lapse  of  a  few  years.  in 
fidem  :  into  allegiance.  Quam  cum,  etc.  :  when  Begulus  was  unioill- 
ing  to  grant  this.  nisi  durissimis  condicionibus  i  except  on  very 
hard  terms,        captus :  for  captus  est. 


202  Notes  on  Selections  for  Reading, 

468.  desiisse :  from  desino.  ne  .  .  .  facerent :  not  to  make. 
illos  .  .  .  habere :  indirect  discourse  dependent  on  the  idea  of  saying 
involved  in  sudsit.  tanti  non  esse :  that  it  was  not  loorth  while,  lit. 
of  so  great  account ;  tanti  is  a  predicate  genitive  of  quality,  with  some 
such  v^^ord  as  pretl  {of  value)  understood.  ut .  .  .  redderentur  :  this 
substantive  clause  of  result  is  the  logical  subject  of  esse. 

469.  captae,  demersae,  capta  :  understand  sunt  w^ith  these. 


GENERAL  LATIN-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY. 


Note.  —  Of  the  fifteen  hundred  words  in  this  Vocabulary,  only  about  half  are  employed  in 
the  Lessons  of  the  body  of  the  book  (see  Preface,  p.  vii).  The  remainder  occur  in  the 
Fables  and  Roman  History.  Eegular  verbs  of  the  first  conjugation  are  indicated  by  the 
numeral  1  following  the  present  indicative. 


A.,  abbreviation  for  Aulas,  Aulus. 
a,  ab,  prep.  w.  abl.,  from  ;  by. 
abed,  ire,  ii,  iturus,  go  away  ;  pass. 
abicio,  ere,  jeci,  jectus,  throw  away, 

cast. 
absens  (pres.  participle  of  absum), 

entis,  absent. 
abstined,  ere,  tinui,  abstain  from. 
absum,  esse,  afui,  afaturus,  be  ab- 
sent., be  distant  (§  182). 
ac  (atque),   and.,  and  also;  ac  is 

not  used  before  vowels. 
Acca  Larentia,  ae,  f.,  Acca  Laren- 

tia,  a  woman's  name. 
accedd,  ere,  cessi,  cessurus,   draw 

near. 
accendo,  ere,  cendi,  census,  kindle. 
accidd,  ere,  idi,  happen. 
accing5,  ere,  cinxi,  cinctus,  gird. 
accipid,  ere,  epi,  eptus,  receive. 
accurr5,  ere,  cucurri,  cursum,  run 

to^  run  up  ;  hasten. 
accuse,  1,  accuse. 
acer,  acris,  acre,  sharp.,  vigorous., 

keen.,  severe. 
acies,  ei,  f.,  line  of  battle. 
acriter,  sharply,  fiercely. 
ad,  prep.  w.  ace,  to,  towards;  for 

(denoting  purpose);  near. 
addd,  ere,  idi,  itiis,  add. 
addiicd,  ere,  diixi,  ductus,  lead  on, 


adeo,  ire,  ii,  itiirus,  go  to,  visit. 


aequus 

adimd,  ere,  emi,  emptus,  take  away, 

aditus,  us,  m.,  approach. 

adjaced,  ere,  ui,  iturus,  lie  near,  lie 

next. 
adjungd,   ere,  jiinxi,  junctus,  join 

to;  annex. 
adjuv5,  are,  jiivi,  jiitus,  help. 
administr5,  1,  perforin. 
admiratio,  5nis,  f.,  admiration. 
admirer,  ari,  atus  sum,  admire, 
admodum,  quite,  very  much. 
admone5,  ere,  ui,  itus,  remind,  warn. 
adolesc5,  ere,  levi,  grow  up. 
.adorior,  iri,  ortus  sum,  attack. 
adsum,  adesse,  adfui,  be  present,  be 

at  hand  (§  182). 
adulescens,  centis,  m.,  young  man. 
adveni5,  ire,  veni,  ventum,  arrive. 
adventus,  us,  m.,  arrival. 
adversarius,  ii,  m.,  adversary. 
adversum,  adversus,  prep.  w.  ace, 

against. 
adversus,  a,  um,  adverse;  in  front 

(of  wounds), 
advesperasco,  ere,  to  grow  dark. 
aedificium,  i  (ii),  n.,  building. 
aedificd,  1,  build. 
Aeneas,  ae,  ni.,  Aeneas,  a  man's 

name, 
aequalis,  e,  equal;  as  noun,  m.,  a 

mate. 
aequitas,  tatis,  f .,  justice. 
aequus,  qua,  quum,  level. 

203 


&Sr 


204 


appared 


aer,  aeris,  m.,  air. 

aestas,  tatis,  f.,  summer. 

aetas,  tatis,  f . ,  age,  time  of  life. 

aflfero,  ferre,  attuli,  allatus,  bring 

_  (§  188). 

Africa,  ae,  f.,  Africa. 

ager,  agri,  m.,  field,  land. 

agger,  eris,  m.,  embankment,  ram- 
part. 

agmen,  minis,  n.,  army  (on  the 
march),  column. 

agnus,  i,  m.,  lamb. 

ag5,  ere,  egi,  actus,  do;  drive. 

agricola,  ae,  m.,  farmer. 

agricultura,  ae,  f.,  agriculture. 

Agrippa,  ae,  m.,  Agrippa,  a  man's 
name. 

ajo,  defective,  say;  pres.  and  perf. 
3d  sing.  ait. 

ala,  ae,  f.,  wing. 

alacer,  cris,  ere,  eager. 

Alba  Longa,  Albae  Longae,  f., 
Alba  Longa,  name  of  a  town. 

Albanus,  a,  um,  Alban. 

albus,  a,  um,  white. 

alienus,  a,  um,  unfavorable. 

aliquandd,  once,  upon  a  time ;  for- 
merly. 

aliqui,  aliqua,  aliquod,  adj.,  some 
(§  102). 

aliquis,  aliquid,  some  one,  some- 
thing (§  102). 

aliquot,  indecl.,  several,  some. 

alius,  a,  ud,  other,  another,  else 
(§61).    . 

Allia,  ae,  f.,  Allia,  name  of  a  river. 

alligo,  1,  fasten  to,  tie  to. 

AUobroges,  um,  the  Allobroges,  a 
Gallic  tribe. 

alloquor,  loquJ,  lociitus  sum,  ad- 
dress, speak  to. 

al5,  ere,  alui,  altus,  nourish. 

alter,  era,  erum,  the  other ;  second 
(§  61). 

altitudd,  inis,  f.,  height;  depth. 


altus,  a,  um,  high,  deep;  as  noun, 

altum,  i,  n.,  the  deep,  the  deep  sea. 
amice,  adv. ,  in  a  friendly  manner. 
amicitia,  ae,  f.,  friendship, 
amicus,  i,  m.,  friend. 
amitto,  ere,  misi,  missus,  lose, 
amnis,  is,  m.,  river. 
am5,  1,  love. 
amplid,  1,  enlarge. 
amplius,  adv.,  more. 
amplus,  a,  um,  ample,  glorious. 
Amulius,   i   (ii),    m.,    Amulius,    a 

man's  name. 
an,  interrog.  particle,  or,  whether. 
Anchises,  ae,  m. ,  Anchises,  a  man's 

name. 
ancora,  ae,  f.,  anchor. 
Ancus  Marcius,   gen.   Anci  Marci 

(ii),  m.,  Ancus  Marcius,  fourth 

king  of  Rome. 
angustiae,   arum,  f.  pi.,  a  narrow 


angustus,  a,  um,  narrow. 
animadverto,    ere,    verti,    versus, 

notice. 
animal,  malis,  n.,  animal. 
animus,  i,  m.,  mind,  soul;  courage, 

heart. 
Ani5,  Anienis,  m. ,  Aiiio,  name  of  a 

river. 
annectd,  ere,  nexui,  nexus,  tie  to. 
annus,  i,  m.,  year. 
annuus,  a,  um,  for  one  year. 
ante,  prep.  w.  ace,  before,  in  front 

of;  adv.,  before,  ago. 
antea,  previously,  before. 
antecedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessurus,  pre-- 

cede. 
antequam,  conj.,  before. 
antiquus,  a,  um,  ancient. 
anulus,  i,  m.,  ring. 
anus,  us,  f.,  old  woman,  old  crone. 
apertus,  a,  um,  open. 
apparatus,  us,  m.,  luxury. 
appared,  ere,  ui,  appear. 


appello 


205 


bellicdsus 


appello,  1,  name,  call. 

appeta,  ere,  petivi,  petitus,  seek, 
try  to  get. 

Appius,  i  (ii),  m.,  Appius,  a  man's 
name. 

appropinquo,  1,  approach. 

Aprilis,  e,  adj.,  of  April. 

apud,  prep.  w.  ace,  among,  at,  with, 
at  the  home  of. 

aqua,  ae,  f.,  water. 

aquila,  ae,  1,  eagle. 

Aquitania,  ae,  f.,  Aquitania,  a  dis- 
trict of  Gaul. 

ara,  ae,  f.,  altar. 

arbitror,  trari,  tratus  sum,  con- 
sider. 

arbor,  oris,  f.,  tree. 

arced,  ere,  ui,  keep  off,  keep  away. 

arcesso,  ere,  ivi,  itus,  summon. 

Ardea,  ae,  f.,  Ardea,  a  Latin  town. 

ardeo,  ere,  arsi,  arsurus,  burn. 

area,  ae,  f,,  court-yard. 

argentum,  i,  n.,  silver. 

Argi,  5rum,  m.,  Argos,  name  of  a 
town. 

Ariovistus,  i,  m.,  Ariovistus,  a  king 
of  the  Germans. 

arma,  orum,  n.  pi.,  arms. 

armatiira,  ae,  f.,  equipment. 

armilla,  ae,  f.,  bracelet. 

armd,  1,  arm. 

arripid,  ere,  ui,  eptus,  seize. 

arrogo,  1,  lay  claim  to. 

Arriins,  runtis,  m.^Arruns,  a  man's 
name. 

arx,  arcis,  f.,  citadel. 

Ascanius,  i  (ii),  m.,  Ascanius,  son 
of  Aeneas. 

Asia,  ae,  1,  Asia. 

Asina,  ae,  m.,  Asina,  a  man's  name. 

asinus,  i,  m.,  ass. 

assentator,  oris,  m. ,  flatterer. 

asylum,  i,  n.,  place  of  refuge. 

at,  but. 

Athenae,  arum,  f .  pi. ,  Athens. 


Athenodorus,  i,   m.,  Athenodorus^ 

a  man's  name. 
Atilius,   i   (ii),   Atilius,    a    man's 

name, 
atque,  and,  and  also  ;  see  ac. 
Atticus,  i,  m. ,  Atticus,  a  friend  of 

Cicero, 
attuli,  perf.  of  aflfero. 
auctoritas,  tatis,  f.,  authority,  influ- 
ence. 
audacter,  courageously. 
audax,  gen.  audacis,  courageous. 
auded,  ere,  ausus  sum;  semi-dep., 

dare. 
audio,  ire,  ivi,  itus,  hear. 
aufugi5,  ere,  fiigi,  fugiturus,  j^ee. 
auged,  ere,  auxi,  auctus,  increase 

(tr.). 
Aulus,  i,  m.,  Aulus,  a  man's  name, 
aureus,  a,  um,  golden. 
auriga,  ae,  m.,  charioteer. 
aurum,  i,  n.,  gold. 
aut,  or ;  aut .  .  .  aut,  either  .  , ,  or, 
autem,  however;  but. 
autumnus,  i,  m.,  autumn. 
auxilium,  i  (ii),  n.,   aid,  help;  in 

pi.    auxilia,  5rum,  n.,  auxiliary 

troops,  auxiliaries. 
Avaricum,  i,  n.,  Avaricum,  a  Gallic 

town. 
Aventinus,   i,   Aventine,  a  hill  of 

Rome, 
avertd,  ere,  ti,  versus,  avert,  turn 

aside. 
avicula,  ae,  f.,  bird,  small  bird. 
avus,  i,  m.,  grandfather. 

Bacenis,  is,  f.,  Bacenis,  a  forest. 

barba,  ae,  f.,  beard. 

barbarus,  i,  m.,  a  barbarian;  adj., 

us,  a,  um,  barbarian. 
beatus,  a,  um,  happy. 
Belgae,  arum,  m.  pi.,  Belgians,  a 

Gallic  tribe, 
bellicosus,  a,  um,  warlike. 


beUo 


206 


circumeo 


bello,  1,  make  war^  carry  on  war. 

bellum,  i,  n.,  ii^ar. 

bene,  adv.,  well  (§  79). 

beneficium,  i  (ii),  n.,  kindness. 

benigne,  kindly^  graciously. 

bestia,  ae,  1,  beast. 

Bibulus,  i,   m.,   Bihulus^  a  man's 

name. 
biduum,  i,  n.,  two  days. 
B5ji,    drum,    m.   pi.,    the  Boji,   an 

ancient  tribe, 
bonus,   a,  um,  good;  in  pi.,  bona, 

crum,  n. ,  property. 
bos,  bovis,  m.,  ox;  gen.  pi.  bourn, 
bracchium,  i  (ii),  n.,  arm. 
brevis,  e,  shorty  brief;  brevi,  within 

a  short  time. 
Britannia,  ae,  f.,  Britain. 
Brutus,    i,    m.,    Brutus,    a   man's 

name. 

C,  abbreviation  for  Gains,  Gains. 
cad5,  ere,  cecidi,  casurus,  fall. 
caedes,  is,  f.,  slaughter. 
caed5,  ere,  cecidi,  caesus,  cut,  slay. 
caelum,  i,  n.,  heaven. 
Caesar,  aris,  m.,  Caesar. 
calamitas,  tatis,  f.,  calamity. 
Camillus,  i,  m.,  Camillus,  a  man's 

name. 
Campania,  ae,  f.,  Campania. 
canis,  is,  c,  dog. 
capessd,  ere,  ivi,  itus,  take  ;  fugam 

capessere,  flee. 
capio,  capere,  cepi,   captus,   take; 

adopt;  capture. 
Capitaiium,  i  (ii),  n.,  the  Capitol. 
capra,  ae,  f.,  she-goat. 
captiva,  ae,  f.,  captive. 
captivus,  i,  m.,  captive,  prisoner. 
caput,  itis,  n.,  head. 
career,  is,  m.^  prison. 
carpentum,  i,  n.,  chariot. 
carpd,  ere,  carpsi,  carptus,  pluck; 

enjoy. 


Carthaginiensis,  e,  Carthaginian; 
Carthaginienses,  ium,  m.,  Car- 
thaginians. 

earns,  a,  um,  dear. 

cassita,  ae,  f.,  lark. 

castellum,  i,  n. ,  fort. 

castra,  orum,  n.  pi.,  a  camp. 

casus,  Us,  m.,  chance,  misfortune. 

catena,  ae,  f.,  chain. 

Catilina,  ae,  m.,  Catiline. 

Catulus,  i,  m.,  Catulus,  a  man's 
name. 

causa,  ae,  f.,  cause,  conditio7i ; 
causa,  abl.,  for  the  sake  of;  the 
dependent  genitive  precedes  causa. . 

caute,  adv.  (from  cautus),  cautiously. 

cave5,  ere,  cavi,  cauturus,  be  on 
one^s  guard. 

cedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessiirus,  yield, 
withdraw. 

celer,  eris,  e,  swift. 

celeritas,  tatis.  f.,  speed. 

celeriter,  quickly. 

cel5,  1,  conceal. 

census,  us,  m.,  census. 

centum,  hundred,  indecl. 

centurid,  onis,  m.,  centurion. 

cernd,  ere,  perceive. 

certamen,  inis,  n.,  contest. 

certe,  adv.,  at  least,  at  any  rate. 

certus,  a,  um,  sure;  comp.  certior 
in  phrase  certior  fieri,  be  informed; 
certiorem  facere,  inform. 

cessator,  oris,  m.,  loiterer. 

ceteri,  ae,  a,  the  rest ;  the  others.  < 

cibus,  i,  m.,  food. 

Cicero,  onis,  m.,  Cicero. 

Cineas,  ae,  m,,  Cineas,  a  man's 
name. 

circiter,  adv.,  about. 

circumaro,  1,  plough  around. 

circumdo,  dare,  dedi,  datus,  sur- 
round, place  around. 

circumed,  ire,  ii,  itus,  go  around, 
surround. 


circumvenio 


207 


confidd 


circumvenio,  ire,  veni,  ventus,  sur- 
round. 

citerior,  ius,  comp.  adj.,  nearer^ 
hither. 

citra,  prep.  w.  ace. ,  this  side  of. 

civis,  is,  c,  citizen^  fellow-citizen. 

ci vitas,  tatis,  f.,  state. 

clam,  secretly. 

clamor,  5ris,  m.,  shout,  shouting. 

clarus,  a,  um,  clear,  loud;  distin- 
guished. 

classis,  classis,  f .,  fleet. 

Claudius,  i  (ii),  m.,  Claudius,  a 
man's  name. 

claudo,  ere,  clausi,  clausus,  shut, 
close. 

claustrum,  i,  n.,  fastening. 

Clemens,  gen.  entis,  merciful. 

clipeus,  i,  m.,  shield. 

cloaca,  ae;  1,  sewer. 

Cn.,  abbreviation  of  Gnaeus,  Gnaeus, 
a  man's  name. 

Codes,  itis,  m..  Codes,  a  man's 
name. 

coepi,  coepisse,  began,  have  begun 
(§  198). 

coerceo,  ere,  ui,  itus,  hold  in  check, 
confine. 

cogito,  1,  think. 

cogndmen,  inis,  n.,  name,  surname. 

cogn5sc5,  ere,  novi,  nitus,  learn. 

cogo,  ere,  coegi,  coactus,  force, 
compel;  collect. 

cohibed,  ere,  ui,  itus,  check,  restrain. 

cohors,  cohortis,  f.,  cohort  (division 
of  a  legion). 

Collatinus,  i,  m.,  Collatinus,  a  man's 
name. 

collatus,  perf.  pass.  ptc.  of  conferd. 

collega,  ae,  m.,  colleague. 

collis,  is,  m.,  hill. 

colloc5,  1,  place,  arrange,  station. 

colloquium,  i  (ii),  n.,  conference. 

colloquor,  i,  locutus  sum,  confer. 

collum,  i,  n.,  neck. 


colonia,  ae,  f.,  colony. 
combu.ro,  ere,  ussi,  ustus,  bur^i. 
Comitium,  i  (ii),  n.,   Comitium,  a 

place  of  public  meeting  at  Rome, 
commeatus,  us,  m.,  supplies. 
commemord,  1,  recount. 
comminao,  ere,  ui,  utus,   dash  to 

pieces. 
committo,  ere,  misi,  missus,  bring 

together;  with  proelium  or  pug- 

nam,  to  join  battle. 
commoror,    ari,   atus    sum,   delay, 

sojurn. 
commoved,  ere,  movi,  mdtus,  move, 

stir  up,  excite ;  induce. 
commiinio,   ire,   ii,    itus,    strongly 

fortify. 
communis,  e,  common. 
commutatid,  5nis,  f.,  change. 
compare,  1,  get  ready. 
comperio,  ire,  peri,  pertus,  find  out. 
complector,  i,  plexus  sum,  embrace. 
compleo,  ere,  plevi,  pletus,  fill  up. 
complures,   plura,    gen.   ium,    very 

many. 
comprehendo,     ere,     endi,     ensus, 

arrest. 
concedd,  ere,  cessi,  cessurus,  grant. 
concilid,  1,  reconcile,  win  over. 
concilium,  i  (ii),  n.,  council. 
Concordia,  ae,  f.,  harmony. 
concurro,   ere,   i,   cursum,   run  to- 
gether. 
concursus,  us,  m.,   a  running  to- 
gether. 
condicio,  onis,  f.,  condition,  terms. 
condo,  ere,  didi,  diivis,  found,  build; 

hide. 
conduc5,  ere,  duxi,  ductus,  hire. 
confero,  ferre,  tuli,  collatus,  bring 

together;  se  c5nferre,  betake  one^s 

self  (§  188). 
conficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus,  exhaust. 
cdnfido,  ere,  fisus  sum,  trust,  semi- 

dep.  (§  220,  II,  a). 


c5nfirmo 


208 


cupiduB 


confirmo,  1,  establish,  confirm. 

c5nfugi6,  ere,  fugi,  fugiturus,  flee 
for  refuge. 

conicio,  ere, jeci,  jectus,  hurl;  cast; 
put. 

conjungo,  ere,  junxi,  junctus,  unite. 

conjunx,  jugis,  c. ,  husband  ;  wife. 

conjuratio,  5nis,  f.,  conspiracy. 

conjaro,  1,  conspire. 

Conon,  5nis,  m.,  Conon,  a  Greek. 

cdnor,  ari,  atus  sum,  endeavor^ 
attempt. 

consector,  ari,  atus  sum,  follow  up. 

consenescd,  ere,  senui,  grow  old. 

cdnsequor,  i,  secutus  sum,  acquire, 

c5nsero,  ere,  ui,  tus,  join. 

cdnservo,  1,  preserve. 

c5nsid6,  ere,  edi,  essus,  settle. 

consilium,  i  (ii),  n.,  plan;  council; 
advice. 

consists,  ere,  stiti,  consist. 

conspectus,  us,  m.,  view,  sight. 

c5nspici5,  ere,  spexi,  spectus,  see. 

conspicor,  ari,  atus  sum,  catch  sight 
of  observe. 

constantia,  ae,  t,  persistency. 

constat,  impers.,  it  is  evident  (§  202). 

constituo,  ere,  ui,  utus,  decide, 
determine. 

consul,  ulis,  m.,  consul. 

consulatus,  iis,  m.,  consulship. 

consumo,  ere,  sumpsi,  siimptus,  use 
up,  consume. 

contemno,  ere,  tempsi,  temptus, 
despise. 

contendo,  ere,  tendi,  tentum,  hurry, 
hasten;  contend. 

contentus,  a,  um,  contented. 

contined,  ere,  ui,  confine,  hold  in 
check. 

contra,  prep.  w.  ace,  against,  op- 
posite. 

contrarius,  a,  um,  contrary  to,  op- 
posite. 

contrdversia,  ae,  f.,  controversy. 


contumelia,  ae,  f.,  insult. 
convalesco,  ere,  valui,  recover,  re* 

gain  strength. 
convenio,  ire,  veni,  ventum,  come 

together,  assemble. 
convoc5,  1,  call  together. 
copia,  ae,  f.,  plenty;  in  pi.  copiae, 
*     arum,  troops,  forces. 
Corinthus,  i,  1,  Corinth,  a  city  of 

Greece. 
Coriolanus,   i,    m.,    Coriolanus,    a 

man's  name. 
Corioli,  orum,  m.,  Corioli,  a  Latin 

town. 
Cornelius,  i  (ii),  Cornelius,  a  man's 

name, 
cornii,   us,    n.,   horn;    in  military 

sense,  wing  of  an  army, 
corona,  ae,  f.,  crown,  garland. 
corpus,  oris,  n.,  body. 
corrumpo,  ere,  rupi,  ruptus,  ruiny 

bribe. 
Corvinus,  i,  m.,  Corvinus,  a  man's 

name, 
corvus,  i,  m.,  raven. 
cottidie,  every  day,  daily. 
eras,  adv.,  to-morrow. 
Crassus,   i,   m.,    Crassus,   a  man's 

name, 
creber,  bra,  brum,  frequent. 
cred5,    ere,    didi,    ditum,     believe 

(§  220,  II,  a). 
Cremera,  ae,  f.,  Cremera,  a  river  in 

Etruria. 
creo,  1,  make,  beget;  elect. 
crimen,  inis,  n.,  charge,  accusation. 
criidelis,  e,  cruel. 
culp5,  1,  blame. 

1.  cum,  prep.  w.  abl.,  with. 

2.  cum,  conj.,  when  ;  because,  since / 
though;  cum  .  .  .  tum,  not  only 
.  .  .  but  also. 

cunctatid,  onis,  f.,  delay. 
cupiditas,  tatis,  f.,  desire,  eagerness, 
cupidus,  a,  um,  fond,  eager. 


209 


dimcUis 


cur,  adv.,  why? 

Cures,  ium,  f . ,  Cures^  a  Sabine  town. 

curia,  ae,  f.,  ward. 

Curiatius,  i  (ii),  m.,   pi.  Curiatii, 

drum,    m.,    Curiatii^    an    Alban 

family. 
Curius,  i  (ii),  m.,  Curius,  a  Roman, 
curd,  1,  care  for,  take  care  of. 
Cursor,  oris,  m.,   Cursor,  a  man's 

name. 
cursus,  lis,  m.,  course, 
custodia,  ae,  f.,  custody. 

damnd,  1,  condemn;   capitis  dam- 

nare,  condemn  to  death. 
Damocles,  is,  m.,  Damocles,  a  man's 

name. 
de,  prep.  w.   abl.,  concerning;  of 

from. 
debe5,  debere,  debui,  debitus,  owe ; 

with  a  dependent  infinitive,  ought ; 

pass.,  to  be  due. 
debilito,  1,  weaken. 
decedo,  ere,   cessi,   cessurus,  with- 
draw; die. 
decem,  indecl.,  ten. 
decemviri,  5rum,  m.,  decemvirs,  a 

board  of  ten  men. 
decerno,     cernere,     crevi,     cretus, 

decree;  decide  (by  comha,t) , fight. 
decimus,  a,  um,  tenth. 
declard,  1,  make  clear,  show. 
decurrd,  ere,  curri,   cursurus,   7'un 

down;  rush,  hasten. 
deditid,  5nis,  f.,  surrender, 
dedb,  dere,  didi,  deditus,  give  up, 

surrender. 
deduco,    ere,    diixi,     ductus,    lead 

away. 
defectio,  onis,  f.  revolt. 
defendo,  ere,  fendi,  fensus,  defend. 
defensi5,  5nis,  f.,  defence. 
deflectd,  ere,  xi,  xus,  turn  aside. 
deinde,  then,  afterwards. 
delabor,  i,  lapsus  sum,  sink  down. 


delatus,   perf.    pass,    participle    of 

defer5. 
delectd,  1,  delight. 
deled,  ere,  evi,  etus,  destroy. 
deliberd,  1,  deliberate,  consult. 
deligd,  ere,  legi,  lectus,  choose. 
delphinus,  i,  m.,  dolphin. 
Demaratus,    i,    m.,    Demaratus,    a 

man's  name. 
demerge,  ere,  mersi,  mersus,  sink. 
demetd,  ere,  messui,  messus,  reap. 
demitto,     ere,     misi,     missus,     let 

fall. 
denarius,  i  (ii),  m.,  a  denarius,  a 

Roman  coin  worth  about  eighteen 

cents. 
denique,  finally. 
dens,  dentis,  m.,  tooth. 
denuo,  adv.,  again. 
depopulor,  ari,  atus  sum,  lay  waste. 
deprehendo,  dere,  di,  hensus,  catch. 
derided,  ere,  risi,  risurus,  laugh  to 

scorn. 
deserd,  ere,  serui,  sertus,  abandon, 

desert. 
desind,  ere,  sii,  situm,  cease. 
desistd,  ere,  stiti,  cease. 
desperd,  1,  despair. 
despicid,  ere,  spexi,  spectus,  despise. 
desum,    deesse,    defui,    defuturus, 

be  wanting,  fail  (§  182). 
detrahd,  ere,  traxi,  tractus,  snatch. 
detrimentum,  i,  n.,   loss,  damage, 

harm. 
deus,  i,  m.  god. 

devincd,  ere,  vici,  victus,  conquer. 
dexter,  tra,  trum,  right;  as  subst. 

(sc.  manus),  right  hand. 
died,  ere,  dixi,  dictus,  say;  utter; 

appoint;  call. 
dictator,  dris,  m.,  dictator. 
dies,  ei,  m.  or  f.,  day. 
differd,  ferre,  distuli,  dilatum,  differ 

(§  188). 
difficilis,  e,  difficult. 


difficulter 


210 


eques 


difficulter,  adv.  from  adj.  difficilis, 

with  difficulty. 
digitus,  i,  m.,  finger. 
dignitas,  tatis,  f.,  dignity. 
dignus,  a,  um,  worthy. 
diligentia,  ae,  f.,  diligence. 
dimic5,  1,  contend. 
dimitto,  ere,  misi,  missus,  let  go^ 

dismiss. 
Dionysius,     i  (ii),   m.,    Dionysius, 

tyrant  of  Syracuse. 
diripi5,  ere,  ripui,  reptus,  plunder. 
diru5,   ere,  rui,  rutus,   tear  down, 

destroy. 
discedd,  ere,  cessi,  cessurus,  depart^ 

withdraw. 
disciplina,  ae,  1,  discipline. 
discordia,  ae,  f.,  strife,  discord. 
discords,  1,  he  at  variance,  quarrel. 
discribo,  ere,  scripsi,  scriptus,  mark 

out ;  divide  into  classes. 
dispond,   ere,    posui,    positus,    dis- 
tribute. 
dissensid,  onis,  1,  disagreement. 
dissidium,  i  (ii),  n.,  dissension. 
distribuo,  ere,  ui,  utus,  distribute. 
diu,  adv.,  a  long  time. 
diuturnitas,  tatis,  f.,  long  duration. 
dividd,  ere,  isi,  isus,  divide. 
divinus,  a,  um,  divine. 
divitiae,  arum,  f.  pi.,  riches. 
do,  dare,  dedi,  datus,  give,  render ; 

put,  set, 
doceo,  ere,  ui,  doctus,  teach. 
dolor,  oris,  m.,  grief. 
dolus,  i,  m.,  deceit,  cunning. 
dominatid,  onis,  f.,  rule,  tyranny. 
dominus,  i,  m.,  master. 
Domitius,  i   (ii),   m.,  Domitius,   a 

man's  name, 
domo,  are,  ui,  itus,  subdue. 
domus,  us,  f.,  house,  home. 
ddnec,  until. 
d5*io,  1,  present. 
doaum,  i,  ii.,  gift. 


dubito,  1,  doubt,  be  in  doubt;  hesi- 
tate, waver. 

ducenti,  ae,  a,  two  hundred. 

duc5,  ere,  duxi,  ductus,  lead. 

Duilius,  i  (ii),  m.,  Duilius,  a  man's 
name. 

dum,  while  ;  as  long  as ;  until. 

Dumnorix,  rigis,  m.,  Dunmorix,  a 
chief  of  the  Haedui. 

duo,  duae,  duo,  two  (§  80,  1). 

duodecim,  indecl.,  twelve. 

durus,  a,  um,  hard,  severe. 

dux,  ducis,  m.,  leader. 

e,  ex,  prep.  V7.  abl.,  from,  out  of,  of; 

e  is  not  used  before  vowels  or  h. 
educo,  ere,  diixi,  ductus,  lead  forth. 
efficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus,  make,  ren- 
der;  do,  bring  about. 
effodio,  ere,  f5di,  fossus,  dig  up. 
effundo,  ere,  fudi,  fusus,  pour  out. 
Egeria,  ae,  f.,  Egeria,  name  of   a 

nymph. 
ego,  mei,  I. 
egredior,  gredi,  gressus  sum,  march 

out. 
egregius,  a,  um,  excellent,  especial. 
eicid,  ere,  jeci,  jectus,  thrust  out; 

se  eicere,  rush  forth. 
ejus  modi,  of  that  kind  (§  237,  1). 
elabor,  labi,  lapsus  sum,  glide  away., 

escape,  elapse. 
elatus,  perf.  pass,  participle  of  effero. 
elephantus,  i,  m.,  elephant. 
emo,  ere,  emi,  emptus,  buy. 
enim,  for  ;  cannot  begin  a  sentence. 
eo,  adv.,  thither,  to  that  place. 
eo,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  itum,  go  (§  197). 
eodem,  to  the  same  place. 
Epaminondas,  ae,  m.,  Epaminondas, 
__  a  Greek  hero. 
Epirus,  i,  f.,  Epirus. 
epulae,  arum,  f .  pi. ,  feast. 
eques,  itis,  m.,  horseman;  in  pi., 

cavalry,  horsemen. 


equester 


211 


feliciter 


equester,  tris,  tre,  equestrian. 
equinus,   a,   um,    of  horses;    seta 

equina,  a  horse-hair. 
equitatus,  us,  m.,  cavalry. 
equus,  i,  m.,  horse. 
erga,  prep.  w.  ace,  toward. 
ergo,  therefore. 
eripio,  ere,  ui,  eptus,  snatch  aimy, 

take  away. 
err5,  1,  err,  be  mistaken. 
erupti5,  onis,  f.,  sally. 
et,  and ;  et  .  .  .  et,  both  .  .  .  and ; 

as  adv.,  also,  even, 
etiam,  also;  even. 
Etruria,  ae,  f.,  Etruna. 
Etruscus,  a,  um,  Etruscan. 
etsi,  although. 

evertd,  ere,  ti,  sus,  overturn,  destroy. 
ex,  prep.  w.  abl. ,  out  of;  see  e. 
excedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessurus,  leave, 

depart  from. 
excitd,  1,  stir  up,  rouse. 
exe5,  ire,  ii,  itum,  go  forth,  go  out 

(§  197). 
exerceo,    ere,    ui,    itus,    exercise; 

practise. 
exercitus,  us,  m.,  army. 
exhauri5,  ire,  hausi,  haustus,  drain  ; 

impoverish. 
exigo,    ere,  egi,  actus,   drive   out, 

banish. 
exiguus,  a,  um,  scant,  small. 
eximius,  a,  um,  extraordinary. 
existimo,  1,  think,  consider. 
exitium,  i  (ii),  n.,  destruction. 
exitus,  us,  m.,  exit,  passage. 
exorior,  oriri,  ortus  sum,  arise. 
expedio,  ire,  ivi,  itus,  extricate. 
expeditus,    a,    um,    unencumbered, 

light-armed;  easy. 
expello,  ere,  puli,  pulsus,  drive  out, 

banish. 
experior,  iri,  pertus  sum,  try,  test. 
explorator,  oris,  m.,  scout. 
expldrd,  1,  examine. 


expugno,  1,  take  by  storm. 

exquisitus,  a,  um,  choice. 

exsilium,  i  (ii),  n.,  exile. 

exsistd,  ere,  stiti,  arise. 

exspecto,  1,  expect,  await. 

exstinguo,  ere,  stinxi,  stinctus,  de- 
stroy ;  in  pass.,  be  put  to  death, 
die. 

extra,  prep.  w.  ace,  02itside,  beyond. 

extraho,  ere,  traxi,  tractus,  extract, 
draw  forth. 

extremus,  a,  um,  extreme,  outer- 
most ;  end  of 

Fabius,  i  (ii),  m.,  Fabius,  a  man's 
name  ;  Fabii,  orum,  m.  pi.,  Fabii, 
a  Roman  gens. 

Fabricius,  i  (ii),  m.,  Fabricius. 

fabula,  ae,  f.,  fable. 

facile,  easily. 

facilis,  e,  easy. 

facinus,  inoris,  n.,  crime,  deed. 

facio,  ere,  feci,  factus,  make,  do, 
pass,  irreg.  (§  193). 

factid,  onis,  f.,  faction. 

facultas,  tatis,  f.,  supply. 

Falerii,  orum,  m.,  Falerii,  a  city. 

Falisci,  5rum,  m.,  Faliscans,  inhabi- 
tants of  Falerii. 

falx,  falcis,  1,  scythe,  sickle. 

fama,  ae,  f.,  reputation,  report. 

fames,  is,  1,  hunger;  abl.  sing, 
irreg.  fame. 

familia,  ae,  f . ,  family. 

familiaritas,  tatis,  f.,  intimacy. 

famula,  ae,  f.,  servant;  slave. 

fascis,  is,  m.,  bundle. 

fatum,  i,  n.,  fate. 

fauces,  ium,  f.  pi.,  throat,  jaws. 

Faustulus,  i,  m.,  Faustulus,  a  man's 
name. 

faveo,  ere,  favi,  fauturus,  favor. 

favor,  oris,  m.,  favor,  good  will. 

feles,  is,  f.,  cat. 

feliciter,  successfully. 


felix 


212 


gradus 


felix,  gen.  felicis,  fortunate^  happy. 

femina,  ae,  f.,  woman, 

fera,  ae,  f.,  wild  beast. 

ferax,  gen.  feracis,  fertile. 

fere,  almost^  ahout^  practically. 

fer5,  ferre,  tuli,  latus,  hear.,  carry., 
bring ;  lift.,  raise ;  lend  (of  help); 
say. 

ferrum,  i,  n.,  iron;  sword. 

ferveo,  ere,  bui,  grow  hot. 

festum,  i,  n.^  festival. 

fides,  ei,  f.,  fidelity,  loyalty,  protec- 
tion; confidence,  allegiance. 

field,  ere,  fisus  sum,  semi-dep.,  trust 
(§  220,  II,  a). 

fiducia,  ae,  f.,  confidence. 

filia,  ae,  f.,  daughter. 

filius,  i  (ii),  m.,  son. 

finid,  ire,  ivi,  itus,  finish,  terminate. 

finis,  is,  m.,  end,  boundary ;  in  pL, 
territory. 

finitimus,  a,  um,  neighboring. 

fid,  fieri,  factus  sum,  become,  be 
made;  occur,  happen;  pass,  of 
facio  (§  193). 

firmiter  (f  irmius,  firmissime) , 
firmly. 

firmus,  a,  um,  firm,  strong. 

flagito,  1,  demand. 

flamma,  ae,  f . ,  fiame,  fire. 

flecto,  ere,  xi,  xus,  bend,  induce. 

fletus,  us,  m.,  weeping. 

flumen,  inis,  n.,  river. 

fluvius,  i  (ii),  m.,  river. 

focus,  i,  m.,  hearth. 

foedus,  eris,  n.,  treaty. 

fore,  fut.  infin.  of  sum  (§  116,  foot- 
note 2). 

forte,  by  chance. 

fortis,  e,  brave. 

fortiter,  bravely. 

fortuna,  ae,  f.,  fortune;  pi.  for- 
tunae,  arum,  f.,  fortune  (posses- 
sions). 

fortunatus,  a,  um,  fortunate 


forum,  i,  n.,  forum;  market-place. 
fossa,  ae,  f.,  ditch,  trench. 
frangd,  ere,  fregi,  fractus,  break. 
frater,  tris,  ni.,  brother. 
frumentum,  i,  n.,  grain. 
frustra,  adv.,  in  vain. 
fuga,  ae,  f.,  flight. 
fugio,    ere,    fugi,    fugiturus,   flee, 

escape  from. 
fugo,  1,  put  to  flight. 
fulmen,  inis,  n.,  thunderbolt. 
funditor,  oris,  m.,  sling er. 
fundo,  ere,  fiidi,  fusus,  poiir,  pour 

out;  of  troops,  to  rout. 
furcula,    ae,    f.,   fo7'k;     Furculae 

Caudinae,  Caudine  Forks. 
Furius,  i  (ii),  m.,  Furius,  a  man's 

name. 
furtum,  i.,  n.,  theft. 
futurus,  a,  um,  future  participle  of 

sum. 

Gains,  i,  m.,  Gains,  a  man's  name. 

(Abbreviated  C.) 
Galba,  ae,  m.,  Galba,  a  man's  name. 
Gallus,  i,  m.,  a  Gaul. 
Gallia,  ae,  f.,  Gaul. 
gallina,  ae,  f.,  heii. 
gemini,  orum,  m.  pi.,  twins. 
gener,  i,  m.,  son-in-law. 
Geneva,  ae,  f.,  Geneva,  a  town  of 

the  Allobroges. 
gens,  gentis,  f.,  tribe;  gens  (division 

of  the  Roman  people). 
genus,  eris,  n.,  stock,  family. 
Germani,  orum,  m.  pi.,  Germans. 
gero,    ere,    gessi,     gestus,     carry, 

wear,   carry  on,   perform;   with 

bellum,  to  wage ;  of  office,  to  hold. 
gigno,   ere,   genui,   genitus,   beget, 

bring  forth;  pass.,  be  born. 
gladius,  i  (ii),  m.,  sword. 
Gnaeus,    i,    m.,    Gnaeus,    a  man's 

name.     (Abbreviated  Cn.) 
gradus,  us,  m.,  step,  gait. 


Graecia 


213 


in 


Graecia,  ae,  1,  Greece. 

Graecus,  i,  m.,  a  Greek. 

gratia,  ae,  f.,  influence. 

gratus,  a,  um,  pleasing,  welcome; 

grateful. 
gravis,  e,   heavy,  laden;  difficult; 

severe,  serious. 
grus,  gruis,  f.,  crane. 

habeo,  ere,  habui,   habitus,   have, 

possess,  hold. 
habito,  1,  dioell. 
Haedui,  5rum,  m.,  Haedui,  a  Gallic 

tribe. 
haedus,  i,  m.,  kid. 
Hamilcar,  caris,  m.,  Hamilcar,  a 

Carthaginian  general. 
Hannibal,  balis,  m.,  Hannibal,  the 

famous  Carthaginian  general, 
hasta,  ae,  f.,  spear. 
haud,  not. 
Helvetii,  orum,  m.,  Helvetii,  a  Gallic 

tribe. 
Herennius,  i  (ii),  m.,  Herennius,  a 

man's  name. 
hiberna,  orum,  n.pl.,  winter  quarters. 
Hiberus,  i,  m.,  the  Hiherus  (modern 

Ehro),  a  river  in  Spain. 

1.  hie,  haec,  hoc,  pron.,  this. 

2.  hie,  adv.,  here,  at  this  place. 
Memo,  1,  pass  the  winter. 
hiems,  is,  f.,  winter. 

Hiero,   onis,   ni.,    Hiero,    ruler    of 

Syracuse. 
hinc,  hence  ;  hinc  .  .  .  hinc,  on  this 

side  .  .  .  on  that  side. 
Hispania,  ae,  f.,  Spain. 
hom5,  minis,  c,  man. 
honestas,  tatis,  f.,  integrity. 
honor,  5ris,  m.,  honor. 
honorifice,  honorably,  with  respect. 
hora,  ae,  f.,  hour. 
Horatius,   i   (ii),  m.,  Horatius,  a 

man's  name  ;  Horatii,  orum,  Ho- 

ratii,  a  Roman  family. 


hortor,  ari,  atus  sum,  exhort,  urge, 
Hostilius,   i  (ii),  m.,  Hostilius,  a 

man's  name, 
hostis,   is,   m.,    enemy;    especially 

frequent  in  pi. ,  the  enemy. 
hue,  hither. 
humanus,  a,  um,  human. 

ibi,  there,  in  that  place. 

(ico,  ere),  ici,  ictus,  strike. 

idcirco,  adv.,  therefore. 

idem,  eadem,  idem,  the  same. 

iddlon,  i,  n.,  ghost,  phantom,  spectre. 

idoneus,  a,  um,  suitable. 

igitur,  therefore,  accordingly ;  now. 

(Stands  usually  after  first  word  in 

clause). 
ignavus,  a,  um,  cowardly. 
ignis,  is,  m. ,  fire. 
ignominia,   ae,   f.,   ignominy,   diS" 

grace. 
ille,  ilia,  illud,  that;  that  one;  he. 

she,  it. 
imagd,  inis,  f.,  image,  spectre. 
imbecillis,  e,  weak,  poor. 
imber,  imbris,  m.,  rain-storm. 
immortalis,  e,  immortal. 
impedimentum,  i,  n. ,  hindrance  ;  in 

pi.,  baggage. 
impedio,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  itus,  impede^ 

hinder. 
imperator,  toris,  m.,  commander. 
imperitus,  a,  um,  inexperienced. 
imperium,  i  (ii),  rule,  sway. 
impero,     1,     command;    demand; 

order;  reign;  levy. 
impetus,  us,  m.,  onset,  attack. 
imploro,  1,  entreat. 
impono,  ere,  posui,  positus,  place 

upon. 
improbo,  1,  disapprove,  reject. 
imus,  a,  um,  lowest  (§  74,  2). 
in,  prep.  w.  abl.,  in,  on,  denoting 

rest  in  a  place;  w.  ace,  into,  iw, 

to,  against. 


inaeque 


214 


intua 


inaeque,  unfairly, 

incendd,  ere,  cendi,  census,  set  on 

fire. 
incertus,  a,  um,  uncertain, 
incidd,  ere,  idi,  fall  upon ;  fall  in 

with.  - 
incipid,  ere,  cepi,  ceptus,  begin. 
incite,  1,  urge  on,  encourage. 
includd,  ere,  clusi,  clusus,  shut  up, 

confine. 
incognitus,  a,  um,  unknown. 
incoho,  1,  begin. 
incola,  ae,  m.,  inhabitant. 
incolo,  ere,  colui,  cultus,  inhabit. 
incolumis,  e,  unharmed,  uninjured, 
incommodum,  i,  n.,  disaster. 
incursi5,  5nis,  f.,  incursion,  attack. 
indicd,  ere,  dixi,  dictus,  proclaim, 

appoint;  with  bellum,  to  declare 

war. 
indoles,  is,  f.,  nature;  character. 
indued,  ere,  duxi,  ductus,  lead  in; 

draw  in  ;  draw. 
ineo,  ire,  ii,  itus,  enter  upon;  con- 
silium inire,  form  a  plan  (§  197). 
inermis,  e,  unarmed, 
infero,   ferre,   tuli,    illatus,    bring 

upon,    bring    against;    produce 

(§  188). 
inferior,  us,  loioer,  inferior  (%  74,  2). 
infestus,  a,  um,  hostile, 
infimus,  a,  um,  superl.  of  inferior 

(§  74,  2). 
infirmus,  a,  um,  weak, 
inflo,  1,  blow  out,  inflate, 
infrendo,  ere,  gnash. 
ingens,  gen.  ingentis,  huge. 
ingenuus,  a,  um,  free-born. 
inhaereo,     ere,     haesi,     haesurus, 

stick  fast. 
inhio,  1,  be  eager  for  (lit.  gape  for). 
inimicus,  i,  m.,  a  {personal)  enemy. 
initium,  i  (ii),  n.,  beginning, 
injuria,  ae,  f.,  wrong,  injustice, 
innecto,  ere,  nexui,  nexus,  bind. 


innu5,  ere,  ui,  utus,  nod,  beckon, 

inopia,  ae,  f.,  lack,  need. 

inquam;    3d  sing,    inquit;    3d  pi. 

inquiunt,  say  (inserted  between 

words  of  a  direct  quotation). 
insidiae,    arum,    f.    pi.,    ambush; 

plots;  treachery. 
insignis,  e,  distinguished. 
insilio,  ire,  ui,  jump  upon  (§  220, 

II,  a). 
insolens,  gen.  insolentis,  insolent. 
instans,  pres.  participle  of  insto. 
instituo,   ere,    ui,    utus,    institute, 

appoint. 
institiitum,  i,  n.,  institution. 
instd,  are,  iti,  press  on,  be  eager. 
instrud,  ere,  struxi,  structus,  draw 

up,  ai^ange  ;  fit  out. 
insula,  ae,  f.,  island. 
intellego,  ere,  lexi,  lectus,  know, 

understand. 
intends,  ere,  endi,  entus,  stretch, 

bend. 
inter,  prep.  w.  ace,  among,  between, 

in  the  midst  of. 
intercipio,   ere,    cepi,  ceptus,  take 

away, 
interdum,  at  times,  sometimes. 
interea,  in  the  meanwhile. 
intereo,  ire,  ii,  iturus,  perish. 
interest,  it  concerns,  impers.  from 

inter  sum. 
interficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus,  kill. 
intericio,  ere,  jeci,  jectus,  throw  be- 
tween, 
interim,  in  the  meanwhile. 
interims,  ere,  emi,  emptus,  kill, 
interior,  ins,  inner. 
interregnum,  i,  n.,  interregnum, 
interrogo,  1,  ask. 
intersum,    esse,    fui,    futurus,    be 

present  at. 
intra,  prep.  w.  ace,  within, 
intro,  1,  enter. 
intus,  adv.,  within. 


invado 


215 


ISz 


invado,  ere,  vasi,  vasum,  enter, 
invade. 

inveni5,  ire,  veni,  ventus,  Jind. 

invicem,  in  turn. 

invideo,  ere,  vidi,  visum,  envy. 

invidia,  ae,  f,  envy. 

invisus,  a,  um,  hated,  hateful. 

invitd,  1,  invite. 

invitus,  a,  um,  unwilling. 

ipse,  a,  um,  self. 

irrideo,  ere,  risi,  risus,  deride,  ridi- 
cule. 

irritd,  1,  urge  on,  tempt. 

is,  ea,  id,  that ;  he,  she,  it;  pi.,  they. 

iste,  a,  ud,  that;  that  of  yours. 

ita,  so  (of  manner). 

Italia,  ae,  f.,  Italy. 

Italus,  a,  um,  Italian  ;  as  noun,  m., 
an  Italian. 

itaque,  accordingly,  and  so. 

iter,  itineris,  n.,  journey;  march; 
way ;  iter  facere,  march;  travel. 

iterum,  again. 

jaceo,  ere,  ui,  iturus,  lie,  recline. 

jam,  already. 

Janiculum,  i,  n.,  the  hill  Janiculum. 

jubeo,  ere,  jussi,  jussus,  order. 

judic5,  I,  judge,  adjudge. 

jugum,  i,  n.,  yoke;  ridge  (of  moun- 
tains) . 

jiimentum,  i,  n. ,  heast  of  burden. 

jungo,  ere,  junxi,  junctus,  join; 
societatem  jungere,  form  a  part- 
nership. 

Junius,  i  (ii),  m.,  Junius,  a  man's 
name. 

Juppiter,  Jovis,  m,,  Jupiter. 

Jura,  ae,  m.,  the  Jura,  chain  of 
mts.  on  west  of  Switzerland. 

juro,  1,  swear,  take  oath. 

jus,  juris,  n.,  right,  power. 

jiis  jurandum,  juris  jurandi,  n., 
oath. 

jiistus,  a.  Mm.,  just. 


juvenca,  ae,  f.,  heifer. 
juvenis,  is,  m.,  a  young  man. 

Kalendae,    arum,    f.    pi..    Kalends 
(first  of  the  month) . 

L. ,  abbreviation  of  Lucius,  Lucius^ 

a  man's  name. 
Labienus,  i,  m.,  Lahienus,  a  famous 

lieutenant  of  Caesar, 
labor,  oris,  m.,  labor,  exertion. 
laboro,  1,  toil;  suffer;  in  battle,  be 

hard  pressed. 
Lacedaemonius,  a,  um.  Spartan. 
lacerd,  1,  tear  in  pieces. 
lacesso,  ere,  cessivi  (ii),  itus,  harass, 
lacus,  lis,  m.,  lake. 
laetus,  a,  um,  glad,  joyful. 
Laevinus,  i,  m.,  Laevinus,  a  man's 

name. 
lanio,  1 ,  tear  in  pieces. 
lapis,  idis,  m.,  stone. 
Latinus,   i,  m.,   Latinus,   a  man's 

name  ;  also  a  Latin. 
Latium,  i  (ii) ,  n. ,  Latium,  a  part  of 

Italy. 
latro,  1,  bark. 
laudd,  1,  praise. 
laus,  laudis,  i.,  praise. 
Lavinia,    ae,   f.,  Lavinia,  wife  of 

Aeneas. 
Lavinium,  i  (ii) ,  Lavinium,  a  town, 
laxo,  1,  loosen. 
lectus,  i,  m.,  couch. 
legatio,  onis,  f.,  embassy. 
legatus,  i,  m.,  lieutenant;  envoy. 
legio,  5nis,  f.,  legion. 
Ieg5,  ere,  legi,  lectus,  choose,  read* 
Lentulus,  i,  m.,  Lentulus,  a  man's 

name, 
lentus,  a,  um,  slow. 
Ie5,  5nis,  m.,  lion. 
letalis,  e,  fatal. 
levis,  e,  light. 
lex,  legis,  f.,  law. 


liber 


216 


matrimdnium 


liber,  libri,  m.,  hook. 

liber,  libera,  liberum,  free. 

liberi,  drum,  in.  pi.,  children  (free 

born) . 
liberd,  I,  free;  acquit. 
libertas,  tatis,  f.,  liberty. 
licet,  impers.,  it  is  permitted  (§  202). 
ligneus,  a,  um,  wooden. 
Lilybaeum,    i,    n.,    Lilyhaeum,    a 

promontory  of  Sicily. 
litterae,  arum,  f.  pi.,  a  letter. 
litterarius,  a,  um,  of  or  belonging 

to  reading  and  writing, 
litus,  oris,  n.,  shoi'e. 
locus,  i,  m. ;    pi.,  loca,  orum,   n., 

place  ;  family. 
longe,  adv.,  far. 
longitiido,  inis,  f.,  length. 
longus,  a,  um,  long. 
loquor,  loqui,  locutus  sum,  speak, 
Lucius,  i  (ii),  m.,  Lucius^  a  man's 

name. 
Lucretia,  ae,  f.,  Lucretia,  a  woman's 

name. 
Lucretius,  i  (ii),  Lucretius ,  a  man's 

name. 
ludus,  i,  m.,  game^  school ;  pi.  ludi, 

orum,  m.,  (^public)  games. 
lugeo,  ere,  liixi,  luctus,  mourn. 
lumen,  minis,  n.,  light. 
luna,  ae,  f.,  moon. 
lupa,  ae,  f.,  she-wolf 
lupus,  i,  m.,  wolf 
liistro,  1,  review  (an  army). 
Lutatius,  i  (ii),  Lutatius,  a  man's 

name. 
lux,  lucis,  f.,  light;  prima  luce,  at 

daybreak. 
Lysander,    dri,    m.,    Lysander,    a 

Spartan  commander. 

M.,  abbreviation  for  Marcus,  i,  m., 

Marcus^  a  man's  name. 
magis,  more  J  rather^  comp.  of  mag- 

nopere. 


magister,  tri,  m.,  master ;  magistei 
equitum,  master  of  the  horse. 

magistratus,  us,  m.,  magistrate. 

magnificentia,  ae,  f.,  splendor. 

magnitudd,  inis,  f.,  size. 

TdSignoipeYe, greatly, earnestly  (^Id^iy 

magnus,  a,  um,  large,  great. 

major,  larger,  greater,  comp.  of 
magnus ;  major  natu,  elder  (lit 
greater  as  to  birth). 

majores,  um,  m.  (sc.  natii),  ances- 
tors. 

male,  adv.,  badly,  ill  (§  79,  1) 

maledico,  ere,  dixi,  dictus,  rail  at. 

maleficus,  i,  m.,  evil  doer. 

malo,  malle,  malui,  prefer  (§  192). 

malus,  a,  um,  bad. 

mandatum,  i,  n.,  command,  order. 

mandd,  1,  assign. 

mane5,  ere,  mansi,  mansiirus,  re- 
main. 

Manlius,  i  (ii),  Manlius,  a  man's 
name. 

Mantinea,  ae,  f.,  Mantinea,  a  city 
in  Arcadia  in  Greece. 

manus,  us,  f.,  hand;  in  military 
sense,  band,  force. 

Marcellus,  i,  m.,  Marcellus,  a  man's 
name. 

Marcius,  i  (ii),  m.,  Marcius,  a  man's 
name. 

mare,  is,  n.,  sea. 

maritimus,  a,  um,  of  the  sea,  mari- 
time. 

maritus,  i,  m.,  husband. 

Mars,  Martis,  m.,  the  god  Mars. 

massa,  ae.,  f.,  mass. 

Massilia,  ae,  f.,  Marseilles. 

mater,  tris,  f.,  mother. 

matrona,  ae,  f.,  matron. 

matrimonium,  i  (ii),  n.,  marriage; 
in  matrim5nium  dare,  to  give  in 
marriage  (of  the  father)  ;  in  ma- 
trimonium ducere,  to  take  in  mar- 
riage (of  the  husband). 


maturus 


217 


natio 


maturus,  a,  um,  ripe. 

maxime,  especially^  sup.  of  magno- 

pere. 
maximus,  a,  um,  greatest^  superl.  of 

magnus. 
medicus,  i,  m. ,  physician. 
medius,  a,  um,  middle^  the  middle 

of. 
mehercule,  gracious  I  I  tell  you  !  lit. 

{so  help)  me  Hercules  I 
melior,  ius,  better^  comp.  of  bonus, 
membrum,   i,   n.,   member  (of  the 

body). 
memini,  isse,  remember  (§  198). 
memoria,  ae,  f.,  memory^  recollec- 
tion. 
Menenius,  i  (ii),  m.,  Menenius,  a 

man's  name, 
mens,  mentis,  f.,  mind, 
mensa,  ae,  f.,  table. 
mensis,  is,  m.,  month. 
merces,  edis,  f.,  price,  reward. 
mercor,  1,  dep.,  purchase. 
mered,  ere,  merui,  meritus,  deserve. 
mereor,  eri,  itus  sum,  deserve. 
mergd,  ere,  mersi,  mersus,  sink. 
Messalla,  ae,  m.,  Messalla,  a  man's 

name. 
metd,  ere,  messui,  messus,  reap. 
Mettius  Fufetius,  Metti  (ii)  Fufeti 

(ii),  m.,  Mettius  Fufetius,  a  man's 

name. 
mens,  a,  um,  my. 
migro,  1,  move,  move  away. 
miles,  itis,  m.,  soldier. 
militaris,  e,  military. 
militia,  ae,  f.,  military  service. 
mille,  indecl.,  thousand  (§  80,  4)  ; 

pi.,  milia,  ium. 
milliarium,  i  (ii),  n.,  milestone. 
minime,  least  (§  79,  1). 
minimus,  a,  um,  superl.  of  parvus, 
minor,  less,  comp.  of  parvus  ;  minor 

natu,  younger. 
minus,  adv.,  less. 


miror,  ari,  atus  sum,  wonder,  ad- 
mire. 
misericordia,  ae,  f.,  pity. 
mittd,  ere,  misi,  missus,  send,  hurl. 
modo,    only;   just,   just    now;    as 

conj.,  provided  that. 
modus,  i,  m.,  manner,  kind, 
moenia,  ium,  n.  pi.,  walls  (of  a  city). 
moUid,  ire,  ivi,  itus,  soften. 
mone5,  ere,  monui,  monitus,  advise, 

warn. 
monitus,  us,  m.,  advice. 
mons,  montis,  m.,  mountain,  hill, 
monstro,  1,  show. 
mora,  ae,  f.,  delay. 
morbus,  i,  m.,  disease. 
moror,    ari,   moratus    sum,    tarry, 

delay. 
mors,  mortis,  f.,  death. 
morsus,  us,  m.,  bite. 
mortuus,  a,  um,  dead. 
m5s,  moris,  m.,  custom;  pi.,  mores, 

character. 
Mosa,  ae,  m.,  the  river  Meuse, 
motus,  us,  m.,  revolt. 
moved,   ere,    movi,   motus,    move; 

touch. 
mox,  presently  ;  soon  ;  afterwards. 
Mucins,  1  (ii),  m.,  Mucins,  a  man's 

name. 
mulier,  mulieris,  f.,  woman. 
multitudd,  inis,  f.,  multitude. 
multo,  by  much,  abl.  of  multum. 
multus,  a,  um,  much;  pi.,  many, 
muni5,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  Hms,  fortify, 
miinitio,  onis,  f.,  fortification, 
munus,  eris,  n.,  reward. 
miirus,  i,  m.,  wall. 
mus,  muris,  c,  mouse. 

nam,  for. 

nanciscor,  i,  nactus  sum,  procure, 

narrd,  1,  tell. 

nascor,  i,  natus  sum,  be  born, 

natid,  onis,  f.,  nation,  tribe. 


nata 


218 


obtestor 


nato,  1,  swim, 

natiira,  ae,  f..  nature. 

(natus,  us),  m.,  only  in  the  Abl. 
sing. ,  natu,  as  to  birth  (in  phrases 
expressing  age). 

navalis,  e,  naval, 

navis,  is,  f.,  ship,  boat, 

ne,  not;  lest;  that  .  .  .  not;  from 
(after  verbs  of  hindering)-,  ne 
.  .  .  quidem,  not  even,  emphatic 
negative,  emphasizing  the  expres- 
sion placed  between  ne  and  qui- 
dem. 

-ne,  enclitic  interrog.  particle,  ask- 
ing for  information. 

nee  (neque),  nor. 

necesse  est,  impers.,  it  is  necessary, 

neglego,  ere,  lexi,  lectus,  neglect. 

nego,  1,  deny,  say  '■'•no.'''' 

negdtium,  i  (ii),  n.,  business; 
trouble. 

nemo,  c,  defective  noun,  no  one; 
ace.  neminem,  dat.  nemini ;  other 
cases  lacking. 

nepos,  otis,  m.,  grandson. 

Neptunus,  i,  m.,  the  god  Neptune. 

neque  (nee),  nor,  and  not. 

neuter,  tra,  trum,  neither  (§  61). 

nihil,  indecl.,  nothing. 

nihild,  abl.,  by  nothing ;  nlMlo  mi- 
nus, none  the  less. 

nisi,  unless,  except.  •     • 

nobilis,  e,  noble. 

nobilitas,  tatis,  f.,  nobility. 

noced,  ere,  nocui,  nociturus,  injure, 
harm. 

nocturnus,  a,  um,  at  night. 

nolo,  nolle,  nolui,  be  unwilling 
(§  192). 

nomen,  inis,  n.,  7iame. 

nominatim,  adv.,  by  name. 

non,  not;  n5n  solum  .  .  .  sed 
etiam,  not  only  .  .  .  but  also. 

n5nagesimus,  a,  um,  ninetieth. 

nondum,  not  yet. 


nonne,  interrog.  particle  expecting 

ansv\rer  "yes." 
nonniillus,  a,  um,  some. 
nosco,  ere,  novi,  become  acquainted 

with;    the    perfect    has    present 

meaning ;  /  know. 
noster,  tra,  trum,  our. 
notabilis,  e,  memorable,  notable. 
novem,  indecl.  adj.,  nine. 
novus,  a,  um,  new. 
nox,  noctis,  f.,  night. 
niibo,  ere,  nupsi,  nupta,  veil  one''s 

self  (for  the  bridegroom)  ;  marry, 

used  only  of  the  woman. 
nuUus,  a,  um,  wo  (§  61). 
num,    interrog.    particle    expecting 

answer  "no"  ;  in  indirect  ques- 
tions, whether. 
Numa  Pompilius,  Numae  Pompili 

(ii),    Numa    Pompilius,    second 

king  of  Rome. 
numerus,  i,  m.,  number. 
Numitor,  oris,  m.,  Numitor. 
numquam,  never. 
nunc,  now. 

nuncupo,  1,  name,  call. 
nuntio,  1,  announce,  report. 
niintius,  i  (ii),  m.,  messenger. 
niitrio,   ire,   ivi,   itus,  nurse,    take 

care  of. 
nympha,  ae,  f.,  nymph. 

ob,  prep.  w.  ace,  on  account  of. 
obeo,  ire,  ii,  itus,  meet ;  also  used  for 
mortem  obire  (lit.,  meet  death) ,  die. 
oberro,  1,  wander  about. 
obligo,  1,  lay  under  obligation. 
obliviscor,  i,  oblitus  sum,  forget. 
oboedio,  ire,  ivi,  itum,  obey. 
obruo,  ere,  rui,  rutus,  overwhelm. 
obsecro,  1,  entreat. 
obses,  idis,  c,  hostage. 
obsideo,  ere   seii,  sessus,  blockade, 
obsidid,  onis,  f.,  siege. 
obtestor,  ari,  atus  sum,  adjure. 


obtineo 


219 


paaco 


obtineo,  ere,  ui,  tentus,  occupy^ 
hold,  obtain,  secure;  prevail. 

occaeco,  1,  blind. 

occasi5,  onis,  f.,  occasion,  oppor- 
tunity. 

occido,  ere,  occidi,  occisus,  kill. 

occupo,  1,  take  possession  of,  seize ; 
occupy. 

occurrd,  ere,  curri,  cursum,  run  to 
meet. 

octavus,  a,  um,  eighth;  octavus 
decimus,  eighteenth. 

octingenti,  ae,  a,  eight  hundred. 

Octodurus,  i,  m.,  Octodurus,  a  city 
of  the  Veragri. 

octdginta,  indecl.,  eighty. 

oculus,  i,  m.,  eye. 

odi,  odisse,  hate  (§  198). 

offero,  ferre,  obtuli,  oblatus,  offer ; 
se  offerre,  volunteer, 

officium,  i  (ii),  n.,  duty. 

olim,  SidY.,  formerly, once  upon  a  time. 

omnino,  adv.,  altogether;  with  nega- 
tives, at  all. 

omnis,  e,  all,  every. 

onerarius,  a,  um,  burden-bearing; 
naves  onerariae,  transports. 

opera,  ae,  f.,  assistance. 

opinid,  onis,  f.,  opinion,  expectation. 

oportet,  ere,  oportuit,  it  behooves 
(§  202). 

oppidum,  i,  n.,  town,  walled  town. 

opportunus,  a,  um,  Jit,  opportune. 

opprimo,  ere,  pressi,  pressus,  over- 
whelm. 

oppugnd,  1,  attack,  assault. 

ops,  opis,  f.  (nom.  sing,  is  not  used), 
power,  help  ;  in  pi. ,  resources. 

optime,  sup.  of  bene  (§  79,  1). 

optimus,  a,  um,  sup.  of  bonus  (§  73). 

optid,  onis,  f.,  choice. 

opt5,  1,  desire. 

opus,  indecl. ,  n. ,  need ;  opus  est,  it 
is  necessary  ;  there  is  need. 

opus,  eris,  n.,  work,  fortification. 


ora,  ae,  f.,  coast. 

5raculum,  i,  n.,  oracle. 

oratio,  onis,  f.,  speech. 

5rator,  5ris,  m.,  orator;  envoy. 

orbis,  or  bis,  m.,  circle  ;  orbis  terra- 
rum,  the  world. 

6rdin5,  1,  institute. 

5rd6,  inis,  m.,  rank. 

orior,  oriri,  ortus  sum,  arise. 

orn5,  1,  adorn. 

5r5,  1,  beseech. 

ortus,  perf.  participle  of  orior. 

OS,  ossis,  n.,  bone. 

ostendo,  ere,  tendi,  tentus,  show, 
explain. 

ostentum,  i,  n.,  portent. 

Ostia,  ae,  f . ,  Ostia,  a  Latin  town  at 
mouth  of  the  Tiber. 

dstium,  i  (ii),  n.,  mouth. 

otidsus,  a,  um,  free  from. 

ovis,  ovis,  f.,  sheep. 

5vum,  i,  n.,  egg. 

P.,  abbreviation  of  Publius. 
pabulum,   i,   n.,   forage,   food  (pi 

animals). 
paene,  almost,  nearly. 
paenitet,  ere,  paenituit,  impers.,  it 

causes  regret  (§  202). 
paliis,  liidis,  f.,  marsh. 
pando,  ere,  pandi,  passus,  unfold, 

open. 
Papirius,   i   (ii),   m.,    Papirius,    a 

man's  name, 
par,  gen.  paris,  equal. 
pared,  ere,  peperci,  parsurus,  spare 

(§  220,  II,  a). 
pario,    ere,   peperi,    partus,    bring 

forth;  lay  (an  egg). 
paro,  1,  prepare,  get  ready. 
pars,  partis,  f . ,  part ;  side. 
parvus,  a,  um,  small. 
pasco,  ere,  pavi,  pastus,  feed;  de- 
ponent, pascor,  pasci,  pastus  sum, 

graze. 


passus 


220 


Porsena 


passus,  us,  m.,  pace  (five  feet), 
pastor,  5ris,  m.,  herdsman^  shepherd. 
patefacid,  ere,  feci,  factus,  open. 
pated,  ere,  ui,  lie  open. 
pater,  patris,  m.,  father. 
paternus,  a,  um,  paternal ;  of  one'' s 

father. 
patior,  i,  passus  sum,  suffer  ;  allow. 
patria,  ae,  f.,  country,  fatherland. 
patrimonium,  i  (ii),  n.,  inheritance, 

property. 
pauci,  ae,  a,  feio,  used  only  in  pi. 
paucitas,.  atis,   f.,    fewness,    small 

number. 
paulo,  abl.,  by  a  little. 
paulum,  a  little. 
pax,  acis,  f.,  peace. 
pecunia,  ae,  f.,  money. 
pedes,  itis,  m.,  foot-soldier;  in  pi., 

infantry. 
peditatus,  us,  m.,  infantry. 
pellici5,    ere,   lexi,    lectus,    allure, 

entice. 
pellis,  is,  f.,  skin,  hide. 
pello,    ere,   pepuli,    pulsus,    drive; 

drive  out,  banish  ;  rout,  defeat. 
Peloponnesus,  i,   f.,  Peloponnesus, 

the  southern  part  of  Greece. 
pendeo,  ere,  pependi,  to  hang. 
per,  prep.  w.  ace,  through,  by  means 

of  through  the  instrumentality  of; 

on  account  of;  during. 
percontor,  1,  dep.,  ask. 
percutio,  ere,  cussi,  cussus,  strike. 
perdo,  ere,  didi,  ditus,  lose. 
perduco,  ere,  duxi,  ductus,  conduct. 
pereo,  ire,  ii,  iturus,  perish  (§  197). 
perferd,    ferre,    tuli,    latus,    carry 

through,  convey,  endure  (§  188). 
perficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus,  accomplish. 
perfidia,  ae,  f.,  treachery. 
perfuga,  ae,  m.,  deserter. 
perfugio,  ere,  fugi,  fugitiirus,  flee. 
pergo,  ere,  rexi,  rectus,  proceed. 
periculum,  i,  n.,  danger. 


permitto,  ere,  misi,  missus,  permit., 
grant,  cede  (§  220,  II,  a). 

permutatio,  5nis,  f.,  exchange. 

perpetuus,  a,  um,  perpetual. 

Persa,  ae,  m.,  a  Persian. 

persequor,  i,  seciitus  sum,  follow  up. 

persuaded,  ere,  suasi,  suasum,  per- 
suade. 

perterreo,  ere,  ui,  itus,  terrify. 

perturbd,  1,  agitate. 

pervenid,  ire,  veni,  ventum,  come., 
arrive. 

pes,  pedis,  va..,foot. 

peto,  ere,  ivi  (ii),  itus,  seek,  re- 
quest;  attack. 

philosophus,  i,  m.,  philosopher. 

Piso,  5nis,  m.,  Piso,  a  man's  name. 

placed,  ere,  ui,  iturus,  please. 

placidus,  a,  um,  tranquil. 

planities,  ei,  i.,  plain. 

plebs,  plebis,  f.,  common  people. 

plenus,  a,  um,  full. 

plerique,  aeque,  aque,  most. 

plures,  a,  more;  several;  plural  of 
plus  (§  68). 

pliirimus,  a,  um,  sup.  of  multus(§  73). 

plus,  comp.  of  multus  (§§  68,  73). 

poena,  ae,  1,  penalty,  punishment. 

Poenus,  a,  um,  Carthaginian. 

polliceor,  eri,  itus  sum,  promise. 

Pompejus,  Pompei,  m.,  Pompey,  a 
man's  name. 

Pompilius,  i  (ii),  m.,  Pompilius,  a 
man's  name. 

pondus,  eris,  n.,  weight. 

pono,  ere,  posui,  positus,  put, 
place,  set  up,  establish;  castra 
ponere,  pitch  a  camp. 

pons,  pontis,  m.,  bridge. 

Pontius,  i  (ii),  m.,  Pontius,  a  man's 
name. 

populus,  i,  m.,  people. 

porrigd,  ere,  exi,  ectus,  stretch  out. 

Porsena,  ae,  m.,  Porsena,  a  king  of 
Etruria. 


porta 


221 


profugio 


porta,  ae,  f.,  gate, 

ports,  1,  carry. 

portus,  us,  m.,  harbor. 

posco,  ere,  poposci,  demand, 

possessid,  onis,  f.,  possession. 

possideo,  ere,  sedi,  sessus,  possess. 

possum,  posse,  potui,  be  able^  can 
(§  183). 

post,  adv.,  afterwards. 

post,  prep,  with  ace,  after. 

postea,  afterguards. 

posterus,  a,  um,  following  (§  74,  2); 
poster!,  orum,  m.,  descendants. 

postquam,  conj.,  after. 

postremd,  adv. ,  finally. 

postridie,  adv. ,  07i  the  next  day. 

postul5,  1,  demand. 

Postumius,  i  (ii) ,  m. ,  Postumius,  a 
man's  name. 

potens,  entis,  pres.  participle  of 
possum,  used  as  adj.,  powerful. 

potestas,  atis,  f . ,  power. 

potior,  iri,  itus  sum,  gain  posses- 
sion of. 

praecedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessiirus,  pre- 
cede. 

praecipid,  ere,  cepi,  ceptus,  enjoin. 

praecipitd,  1,  hurl  down  headlong. 

praeda,  ae,  f.,  booty. 

praedo,  5nis,  m.,  robber. 

praefero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus,  choose, 
prefer  (§  188). 

praeficid,  ere,  feci,  fectus,  put  in 
charge,  place  in  command  (§  220, 

ni). 

praemium,  i  (ii),  n.,  reward. 
Praeneste,  is,  n.,  Praeneste,  a  Latin 

tov^n. 
praesens,  praesentis,  present,  pres. 

participle  of  praesum,  used  as  adj. 
praesaepe,  is,  n.,  manger. 
praesidium,  i  (ii),  garrison. 
praestantia,  ae,  f . ,  preeminence. 
praestans,   gen.    stantis,    eminent, 

excellent. 


praesto,  are,  iti,  itus,  perform,  show, 
praesum,  esse,  fui,  be  in  charge  of 

(§  182). 
praeter,  prep.   w.   ace,  except,  be- 


praeterea,  besides. 

praetereo,  ire,  ii,  itiirus,  pass  by 
(§  197). 

praetor,  5ris,  m.,  praetor. 

pratum,  i,  n.,  meadow. 

premo,  ere,  pressi,  pressus,  press, 
crowd. 

pretium,  i  (ii),  n.,  price. 

(prex,  precis),  f.,  prayer  (nom.  and 
gen.  sing,  not  used). 

primo,  Jirst,  firstly. 

primum,  Jii'st,  for  the  first  time. 

primus,  a,  um,  Jirst;  superl.  of 
comp.  prior  (§  74). 

princeps,  ipis,  m.,  chief 

prior,  us,  former,  before  (another), 

Priscus,  i,  m.,  Priscus,  a  man's 
name. 

pristinus,  a,  um,  pristine,  former, 

priusquam,  before. 

privatus,  a,  um,  private ;  as  noun, 
privatus,  i,  m.,  a  private  citizen. 

pro,  prep.  v^.  abl.,  before,  in  front 
of;  for,  instead  of. 

probo,  1,  approve. 

Procas,  ae,  m.,  Procas,  a  king  of 
Alba. 

procedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessurus,  ad- 
vance. 

procul,  far,  far  off. 

procure,  1,  care  for,  have  charge  of, 

prdcurro,  ere,  cucurri,  cursum,  run 
forward. 

proditor,  oris,  m.,  traitor. 

proelium,  i  (ii),  n.,  battle. 

profero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus,  carry  be- 
fore one. 

proficiscor,  i,  profectus  sum,  set  out, 

profugio,  ere,  fiigi,  fugitiirus,  /ee, 
escape  ;  flee  for  refuge. 


progredior 


222 


QmnctiuB 


progredior,  i,  gressus  sum,  advance, 
go  forward. 

prohibed,  ere,  ui,  itus,  keep  away^ 
keep  off. 

proicio,  ere,  jeci,  jectus,  throw  for- 
ward; cast. 

prdmissus,  a,  um,  long.,  flowing. 

prdmitto,  ere,  misi,  missus,  j?romise. 

promunturium,  i  (ii),  n.,  promon- 
tory. 

propagd,  1,  propagate.,  continue. 

properd,  1,  hasten. 

propono,  ere,  posui,  positus,  pro- 
pose. 

propter,  prep.  w.  ace,  on  account  of 

prospecto,  1,  look  out  upon. 

prdsum,  prodesse,  prdfui,  prdfu- 
turus,  benefit  (§  182). 

protinus,  forthwith.,  straightway. 

prdvided,  ere,  vidi,  visus,  provide., 
take  care. 

provincia,  ae,  f.,  province. 

provocatio,  onis,  f.,  challenge. 

provoco,  1,  challenge. 

proximus,  a,  um,  nearest^  next 
(§  74,  1). 

prudens,  wise.,  sensible. 

Publicola,  ae,  m.,  Pi^&ZicoZa,  a  man's 
name. 

publicus,  a,  um,  public. 

Publius,  i(ii),  m.,  Fublius,  a  man's 
name. 

puer,  i,  m.,  boy. 

puerilis,  e,  youthful. 

pueritia,  ae,  f.,  boyhood. 

pugna,  ae,  f.,  battle. 

pugno,  \^  fight. 

pulcher,  chra,  chrum,  beautiful. 

pullus,  i,  m.,  nestling. 

pulsus,  perf.  pass,  participle  of  pello. 

Pulvillus,  1,  m.,  Pulvillus,  a  man's 
name. 

Punicus,  a,  um,  Punic. 

punio,  ire,  ivi,  itus,  punish. 

pupillus,  i,  m.,  ward. 


pusillus,  a,  um,  weak. 
put5,  1,  think. 

Pyrrhus,   i,   m.,    Pyrrhus,  king  of 
Epirus. 

qua,  adv.,  where. 
quadragesimus,  a,  um,  fortieth, 
quadraginta,  indecl.,  forty. 
quadringentesimus,    a,    um,    four 

hundredth. 
quaero,    ere,    quaesivi,    quaesitus, 

inquire. 
qualis,  e,  rel.,  as;  such  as;  interrog., 

of  what  sort  f 

1.  quam,  how  ? 

2.  quam,  than. 
quamquam,  although. 
quamvis,  though^  although. 
quando,  interrog.,  \tjhen. 
quantum,  how  much  ;  as  much  as. 
quantus,    a,    um,    how    great;    as 

great  as. 
quare,  rel.  and  interrog.,  wherefore. 
quartus,  a,  um,  fourth. 
quasi,  as  if 

quatio,  ere,  quassi,  quassus,  shake. 
quattuor,  indecl. ,  four. 
quattuordecim,  indecl.,  fourteen. 
-que,  enclitic  conj.,  and. 
querela,  ae,  f.,  complaint. 
queror,  i,  questus  sum,  complain, 
qui,  quae,  quod,  who^  which. 
quia,  conj.,  because. 
quicumque,      quaecumque,     quod- 

cumque,  whoever.,  whatever  (§  102, 

4)- 
quidam,     quaedam,     quiddam    or 

quoddam,  a  certain  (§  102). 
quidem,    indeed^   even;   of  course; 

ne  .  .  .  quidem,  not  even. 
quilibet,    quaelibet,    quidlibet    or 

quodlibet,  any  you  please  (§  102, 

Quinctius,  i  (ii),  m.,  Quinctius,  a 
man's  name. 


quingenti 


223 


res  publica 


quingenti,  ae,  a,  Jive  hundred. 

quinquaginta,  indecl.,  Jifty. 

quinque,  indecl.,  Jive. 

quintus,  a,  um,  Jifth. 

Quintus,  i,  m.,   Quintus^  a  man's 

name. 
quis,  quid,  interr.  pron. ,  whOf  what  f 
quis,  qua  (quae) ,  quid,  indef .  pron. , 

any  (§  102). 
quisquam,    quaequam,     quidquam 

(quicquam),  any^  any  one  (§  102). 
quisque,    quaeque,    quidque  (quic- 

que),  each  (§  102). 

1.  qu5,  rel.  and  interr.  d^^^.,  whither. 

2.  quo,  conj.,  in  order  that. 
quod,  because^  on  the  ground  that. 
qudminus,  from  (after  verbs  of  hin- 
dering). 

quondam,    formerly^    once  upon  a 

time. 
quoniam,  conj.,  inasmuch  as. 
quoque,  also^  always  placed  after 

the  word  it  modifies. 

rana,  ae,  f.,  frog. 

rapid,  ere,  ui,  tus,  seize. 

raptor,  5ris,  m.,  one  who  seizes. 

ratid,  5nis,  f.,  reason. 

recedd,  ere,  cessi,  cessurus,  retire. 

recens,  gen.  recentis,  recent. 

recipio,  ere,  cepi,  ceptus,  take  hack., 
receive;  with  reflexive  se,  to  re- 
treat. 

reciisd,  1,  refuse. 

reddo,  ere,  reddidi,  redditus,  return^ 
give  hack;  render^  make. 

reded,  ire,  ii,  iturus,  return.,  go  hack 
(§  197). 

redigo,  ere,  egi,  actus,  reduce. 

redimo,  ere,  emi,  emptus,  ransom. 

redintegro,  1,  renew. 

reducd,  ere,  duxi,  ductus,  lead  hack. 

refero,  ferre,  rettuli,  relatus,  hring 
hack,  return  (§  188). 

reficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus,  rebuild. 


refluo,  ere,  flow  back. 

regid,  5nis,  f.,  region. 

regius,  a,  um,  of  the  king  ;  regal. 

regno,  1,  reign. 

regnum,  i,  n.,  regal  power,  kingdom, 

regredior,  i,  gressus  sum,   march 

hack,  return. 
Regulus,  i,  m.,  Begulus,  a  man's 

name, 
reicid,     ere,    rejeci,    jectus,    hurl 

hack. 
relatus,   perf.    pass,    participle    of 

refero. 
relictus,  perf.  pass,  participle  of  re- 

linqu5. 
religid,  onis,  f .,  religion. 
relinquo,   ere,  liqui,  lictus,    leave, 

leave  behind. 
reliquus,  qua,  quum,  remaining. 
remaneo,    ere,    mansi,    mansurus, 

remain. 
remex,  igis,  m.,  rower. 
removeo,  ere,  movi,  motus,  remove, 
Remus,  i,  m.,  Bemus,   brother  of 

Romulus, 
renovo,  1,  renew. 
renuntid,  1,  bring  hack  word. 
repelld,  ere,  reppuli,  repulsus,  drive 

back,  repel,  repulse. 
repente,  suddenly. 
repentinus,  a,  um,  sudden. 
reperia,  ire,  repperi,  repertus,  dis- 
cover, find. 
repudio,  1,  reject. 

res,  rei,  f.,  thing,   affair,   circum- 
stance. 
rescinds,    ere,    rescidi,    rescissus, 

tear  down. 
resists,  ere,  restiti,   resist   (§  220, 

II,  a). 
respicio,  ere,  exi,  ectus,  look  hack. 
respondeo,   ere,   respond!,   respon-  • 

sus,  answer,  reply. 
res  publica,  gen.  rei  publicae,  f., 

state,  republic. 


respuo 


224 


serpd 


respuo,  ere,  ui,  reject. 

restituo,  ere,  ui,  utus,  restore. 

retineo,  ere,  ui,  tentus,  retain, 

reverentia,  ae,  f.,  reverence. 

reverter,  i,  return. 

re  voce,  1,  recall. 

rex,  regis,  m.,  king. 

Rhea  Silvia,  gen.  Rheae  Silviae,  f., 

Bhea  Silvia^  mother  of  Romulus 

and  Remus. 
Rhenus,  i,  m.,  Bhine. 
Rhodanus,  i,  m.,  Bhone. 
rideo,  ere,  risi,  risurus,  laugh. 
ripa,  ae,  f.,  hank. 
rivus,  i,  m.,  stream. 
rixor,     ari,     atus    sum,     quarrel^ 

wrangle. 
robur,  oris,  n.,  strength. 
rogo,  1,  ask. 
R5ma,  ae,  f..  Borne. 
Rdmanus,  a,  um,  Boman  ;  as  noun, 

a  Boman. 
Romulus,  i,  m.,  Bomulus. 
Rullianus,  i,  m.,  Bullianus. 
rump5,   ere,   rupi,    ruptus,    break, 

break  down. 
ruo,  ere,  rui,  ruiturus,  rush. 
rursus,  again. 
rusticus,  i,  m.,  farmer. 

Sabinus,  a,  um,  Sabine. 

Sabinus,  i,  m.,  Sabinus,  a  lieutenant 

of  Caesar, 
sacer,  era,   crum,   sacred;    in  pi., 

sacra,  orum,  n.,  sacred  rites. 
sacerdos,  otis,  c. ,  priest,  priestess. 
saepe,  often. 

salio,  ire,  salui,  leap^  jump,  spring. 
salus,  lutis,  f.,  safety. 
saluto,  1,  salute,  hail. 
salvus,  a,  um,  safe. 
•  Samnis,  itis,  m.,  a  Samnite. 
Sardinia,  ae,  f.,  Sardinia. 
satelles,  itis,  m.,  a  body-guard. 
satis,  adv.  and  noun,  enough. 


Satumia,  ae,  f.,  Saturnia,  name  of 
a  citadel. 

Saturnus,  i,  m.,  the  god  Saturn. 

saxum,  i,  n.,  rock. 

Scaevola,  ae,  m.,  Scaevola,  a  man's 
name. 

scelestus,  a,  um,  wicked. 

scelus,  eris,  n. ,  crime. 

scio,  ire,  scivi,  scitus,  know. 

scriba,  ae,  m.,  secretary. 

scribo,  ere,  scripsi,  scriptus,  write; 
of  laws,  draw  up. 

scutum,  i,  n.,  shield. 

se,  reflexive,  he';  himself  herself 
(§86). 

secedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessurus,  secede, 
withdraw. 

secundus,  a,  um,  second. 

sed,  but. 

seded,  ere,  sedi,  sessurus,  sit,  perch. 

sedes,  is,  f.,  seat. 

seditio,  onis,  f.,  uprising,  mutiny. 

seges,  itis,  1,  corn-field. 

semper,  always. 

senator,  toris,  m.,  senator. 

senatus,  us,  m.,  senate. 

senex,  senis,  m.,  old  man;  as  adj., 
old. 

Senones,  um,  m.,  the  Senones,  a 
Gallic  tribe. 

sententia,  ae,  f.,  opinion,  senti- 
ment. 

sentio,  ire,  sensi,  sensus,  feel,  per- 
ceive. 

sepelio,  ere,  ivi,  sepultus,  bury. 

septem,  indecl.,  seven. 

Septimus,  a,  um,  seventh. 

septingenti,  ae,  a,  seven  hundred. 

septuaginta,  indecl.,  seventy. 

Sequani,  orum,  m.  pi.,  Sequani,  a 
Gallic  tribe. 

sequor,  i,  secutus  sum,  follow; 
seek. 

sermo,  onis,  m.,  conversation. 

serpo,  ere,  serpsi,  creep. 


Servius  Tullius 


225 


Servius  Tullius,  Servi  (ii)  Tulli  (ii), 

Servius    Tullius,   sixth    king    of 

Rome, 
servo,  1,  save;  preserve. 
servus,  i,  m.,  slave. 
sescenti,  ae,  a,  six  hundred, 
seta,  ae,  1,  hair. 
sex,  indecl.,  six. 
sexaginta,  indecl.,  sixty. 
sextus,  a,  um,  sixth;  sextus  deci- 

mus,  sixteenth. 
si,  if. 

sic,  .so  (of  manner), 
siccus,  a,  um,  dry. 
Sicilia,  ae,  f.,  Sicily. 
sidus,  eris,  n.,  constellation;  pi.,  the 

stars. 
signified,  1,  show  ;  mean. 
signum,  i,  n.,  standard. 
silentium,  i  (ii),  n.,  silence. 
silva,  ae,  f .,  forest. 
Silvius,  i  (ii),  m.,  Silvius,  a  man's 

name, 
similis,  e,  like. 

simul,  together,  at  the  same  time. 
simul  ac  (atque),  as  soon  as. 
sin,  conj.,  but  if. 
sine,  prep.  w.  abl.,  without. 
singularis,  e,  single,  singular,  spe- 
cial. 
singuli,  ae,  Sb,'one  at  a  time,  each. 
sinister,  tra,  trum,  left,  left  hand. 
socer,  eri,  m.,  father-in-law. 
societas,  tatis,  f.,  partnership.  * 
socius,  i  (ii),  m.,  ally,  comrade, 
^51,  is,  m.,  sun. 
soleo,  ere,  solitus  sum,  semi-dep., 

he  accustomed. 
Bolitudo,  dinis,  f.,  solitude. 
s51um,  only;    non  solum  .  .  .  sed 

etiam,  not  only  .  .  .  hut  also. 
s5lus,  a,  um,  alone,  only  (§  61). 
solvo,  ere,  solvi,  solutus,  loose;  of 

ships,  unmoor ;  naves  solvere,  set 

sail. 


somnus,  i,  m.,  sleep. 

sonitus,  us,  m.,  sound. 

sonus,  i,  m.,  sound. 

spatium,  i  (ii),  n. ,  space;  time. 

spatidsus,  a,  um,  spacious,  roomy, 

specto,  1,  look  on. 

spero,  1,  hope,  hope  for ;  governs 

the  ace. 
spes,  spei,  f.,  hope. 
spolid,  1,  despoil. 
Spurius,  i  (ii),  m.,  Spurius,  a  man's 

name, 
stagnum,  i,  n.,  lake,  lagoon. 
statim,  at  once,  immediately, 
statua,  ae,  f.,  statue. 
statuo,  ere,  ui,  utus,  decide. 
statura,  ae,  f.,  stature. 
stilus,  i,  m.,  stylus,  instrument  used 

for  writing. 
st5,  are,  steti,  staturus,  stand. 
strenuus,  a,  um,  energetic. 
stultitia,  ae,  i.,  folly. 
suade5,  ere,  suasi,  suasurus,  urge, 

advise. 
sub,  prep.  w.  ace.  and  abl.,  under. 
subdued,   ere,   duxi,    ductus,  with- 
draw, lead  away ;  snatch  away. 
subeo,    ire,    ii,    iturus,     approach 

(§  197). 
subigo,  ere,  egi,  actus,  subdue. 
subitd,  suddenly. 
sublevo,  1,  relieve. 
sublimis,  e,  high,  lofty  ;  in  sublime, 

on  high. 
submitto,   ere,  misi,  missus,  send, 

despatch. 
subrideo,  ere,  risi,  risum,  smile. 
subsidium,  i  (ii),  n.,  assistance. 
succedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessurus,  follow, 

succeed. 
sui,  self,  oneself  (§  86,  1). 
sum,  esse,  fui,  futurus,  he. 
summus,    highest,   greatest,   top  of 

(§  283);  sup.  of  superus  (§  74,  2). 
sumo,  ere,  sumpsi,  sumptus,  take. 


super 


226 


tracts 


super,  prep.  w.  ace,  above. 

superbia,  ae,  f.,  pride^  haughtiness. 

superbus,  a,  um,  proud,  haughty. 

superior,  us,  higher,  upper,  above; 
comp.  of  superus  (§  74,  2). 

supero,  1,  overcome,  defeat,  surpass  ; 
be  superior. 

supersum,  esse,  fui,  remain,  be  over, 
survive. 

supervenio,  ire,  veni,  ventum,  come 
up,  arrive. 

supplicium,  i  (ii),  n.,  torture,  pun- 
ishment. 

supra,  prep.  w.  ace,  above. 

supremus,  a,  um,  superl.  of  superus 
(§  74,  2). 

suscipid,  ere,  cepi,  ceptus,  under- 
take, receive. 

suspicid,  onis,  f . ,  suspicion. 

suspicor,  ari,  atus  sum,  suspect. 

sustined,  ere,  ui,  withstand. 

sustuli,  perf.  ind.  act.  of  toUo. 

suus,  a,  um,  his;  her;  its;  their. 

Syracusae,  arum,  f.,  Syracuse,  a 
city  of  Sicily. 

Syracusanus,  a,  um,  Syracusan. 

T. ,  abbreviation  of  Titus, 
talentum,    i,    n.,    a   talent    (about 

.<^1200). 
talis,  e,  such. 
tarn,  so  (of  degree). 
tamen,  nevertheless,  yet. 
Tanaquil,  ilis,  f.,  Tanaquil,  wife  of 

Tarquinius  Priscus. 
tandem,  at  length. 
tango,  ere,  tetigi,  tactus,  touch. 
tantum  (n.  of  tantus),  so  much. 
tantus,  a,  um,  so  great. 
tardo,  1,  retard,  check. 
Tarentinus,  a,  um,  Tarentine. 
Tarentum,  i,  n. ,  Tarentum,  a  city. 
Tarpeia,  ae,  f .,  Tarpeia,  a  woman's 

name. 
Tarpeius,  a,  um,  Tarpeian, 


Tarquinii,  orum,  m.  pi.,  Tarquinii^ 

a  city. 
Tarquinius,  i  (ii),  m.,   Tarquin,  a 

Roman  king, 
tectum,  i,  n.,  roof. 
Telesinus,  i,  m.,  Telesinus,  a  man's 

name. 
telum,  i,  n. ,  javelin. 
temere,  rashly. 

tempestas,  tatis,  f.,  tempest.    ' 
templum,  i,  n.,  temple. 
temptd,  1,  attempt,  make  trial  of. 
tempus,  oris,  n.,  time. 
tend5,  ere,  tetendi,  tentus,  stretch; 

stretch  one^s  course  ;  go. 
teneo,  ere,  ui,  hold. 
tergum,  i,  n.,  back;  a  tergo,  from 

behind. 
terra,  ae,  f.,  land,  a  land. 
terred,  ere,  ui,  itus,  frighten. 
territ5rium,  i  (ii),  n.,  territory. 
terror,  5ris,  m.,  terror,  fear. 
tertius,  a,  um,  third. 
testudo,  inis,  f.,  tortoise. 
Thebae,  arum,  f.,  Thebes,  a  city  of 

Boeotia  in  Greece. 
Themistocles,  is,  m.,   ThemistocleSy 

an  Athenian  statesman. 
Tiberis,  is,  m.,  Tiber. 
timeo,  ere,  ui,  fear. 
timidus,  a,  um,  timid. 
timer,  5ris,  m..,fear. 
tintinnabulum,  i,  n.,  bell. 
titulus,  i,  m.,  placard. 
Titus,  i,  m.,  Titus,  a  man's  name. 
toll5,  ere,  sustuli,  sublatus,  raise* 

pick  up  ;  take,  take  away. 
tonitrus,  us,  m.,  thunder. 
tono,  are,  tonui,  thunder. 
Torquatus,    i,    m.,     Torquatus,    a 

man's  name, 
torques,  is,  m.,  necklace. 
tot,  indecl.,  so  many. 
totus,  a,  um,^  whole,  entire  (§  61). 
tracto,  1,  treat. 


trado 


227 


ut 


trad5,  ere,  tradidi,  traditus,  hand 

over. 

traduco,  ere,  duxi,  ductus,  lead 
across. 

traicio,  ere,  jeci,  jectus  (orig.  tran- 
sitive, throw  across,  send  across), 
cross  over. 

trans,  prep,  with  ace. ,  across. 

transed,  ire,  ii,  itus,  cross;  cross 
over. 

transfero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus,  transfer. 

transigd,    ere,     egi,     actus, 


transilio,  ire,  ui,  leap  over. 
transmarinus,  a,  um,  across  the  sea, 

from  across  the  sea. 
transnd,  1,  swim  across. 
transport 5,  1,  transport. 
trecentesimus,   a,   um,   three  hun- 
dredth. 
trecenti,  ae,  a,  three  hundred. 
tredecim,  indecl.,  thirteen. 
tres,  tria,  three  (§  80,  2). 
Treveri,   drum,   m.   pi.,    Treveri,   a 

tribe  of  Belgians. 
tribunus,  i,  m.,  tribune,  officer  in  a 

Koman  legion ;  also  a  tribune  of 

the  plebs. 
tribud,  ere,  ui,  utus,  assign,  award  ; 

grant. 
tribdtum,  i,  n.,  tax. 
tricesimus,  a,  um,  thirtieth. 
triduum,  i,  n.,  three  days. 
trigemini,  drum,  m.  pL,  triplets. 
triginta,  indecl. ,  thirty. 
triumphd,  1,  celebrate  a  triumph, 
Troja,  ae,  1,  Troy. 
Trojanus,  a,  um,  Trojan. 
trux,  gen.  trucis,  savage. 
tu,  tui,  thou,  you  (§  85). 
tuba,  ae,  f.,  trumpet. 
tubicen,  inis,  m.,  trumpeter. 
tueor,  eri,  guard,  watch. 
TuUia,   ae,  f.,   Tullia,  a  woman's 

name. 


Tullus  Hostilius,  Tulli  Hostili  (ii), 
m.,  Tullus  Hostilius,  third  king 
of  Rome. 

tum,  then,  at  that  time. 

tumultus,  us,  m.,  uprising. 

tunc,  then. 

turbd,  1,  disturb. 

turbulentus,  a,  um,  muddy. 

turpis,  e,  base. 

turris,  is,  f.,  tower. 

Tusculum,  i,  n.,  Tusculum,  a 
town. 

tiitor,  oris,  m.,  guardian, 

tutus,  a,  um,  safe. 

tuus,  a,  um,  thy,  your  (§  87). 

tyrannus,  i,  m.,  a  tyrant. 

uber,  eris,  n.,  udder. 

ubi,  rel.  and  interr.  adv.,  where; 
when. 

Ubii,  orum,  m.,  Ubii,  a  German 
tribe. 

ubique,  everywhere. 

ulciscor,  i,  ultus  sum,  avenge. 

uUus,  a,  um,  any  (§  61). 

ulterior,  us,  farther^  more  distant 
(§  74,  1). 

ultra,  prep.  w.  ace,  beyotid. 

lina,  together. 

unde,  whence. 

undequinquaginta,  indecl.,  forty- 
nine. 

undique,  from  all  parts  or  sides. 

unguentum,  i,  n.,  perfume. 

unguis,  is,  m.,  talon. 

ungula,  ae,  f.,  talon. 

unus,  a,  um,  one,  alone  (§  61). 

urbanitas,  tatis,  f.,  wit. 

urbs,  urbis,  f.,  city. 

Usipetes,  um,  m.,  Usipetes,  a  Ger- 
man tribe. 

usque,  even. 

usus,  us,  m.,  use,  service. 

ut,  that,  in  order  that ;  with  verbs  of 
fearing,  that  not. 


uter 


228 


uter,  utra,  utrum,  int.  adj.,  which 
(of  two)? 

uterque,  utraque,  utrumque,  gen. 
utriusque  (cf.  §  61),  each  (of 
two);  in  pi.,  both  (of  two  parties). 

utilis,  e,  useful. 

utinam,  affirmative  particle  (§  305). 

utor,  i,  usus  sum,  use  (§  258,  1). 

utrum,  whether. 

uva,  ae,  f.,  grapes.,  a  huyich  of  grapes. 

uxor,  5ris,  f.,  wife. 

vadum,  i,  n.,ford,  shallow  water. 

vagitus,  us,  m.,  crying. 

valeo,  ere,  ui,  valiturus,  avail,  pre- 
vail. 

Valerius,  i  (ii),  m.,  Valerius,  a 
man's  name. 

validius,  adv.  (comp.  of  valde), 
more  vigorously. 

vallis,  vallis,  f.,  valley. 

vallum,  i,  n.,  intrenvchment. 

vastd,  1,  lay  waste. 

Vatinius,  i  (ii),  m.,  Vatinius,  a 
man's  name. 

Vejentanus,  a,  um,  Veientine. 

Vejentes,  ium,  m.,  Veientines  (in- 
habitants of  Veii). 

vendo,  ere,  didi,  ditus,  sell. 

venenum,  i,  n.,  poison. 

Veneti,  drum,  m.  pi. ,  Veneti,  a  Gal- 
lic tribe. 

venio,  ire,  veni,  ventum,  come. 

venter,  tris,  m.,  stomach. 

ventus,  i,  m.,  wind. 

ver,  veris,  n.,  spring. 

verber,  eris,  n.,  blow, 

verberd,  1,  heat,  strike. 

verbum,  i,  n.,  word. 

vereor,  eri,  itus  sum,  fear. 

vero,  indeed,  hut. 

versor,  ari,  atus  sum,  he  engaged  in. 

verto,  ere,  verti,  versus,  turn; 
terga  vertere,  flee. 

vescor,  i,  feed  upon. 


Vesta,  ae,  f .,  the  goddess  Vesta. 
Vestalis,  is,  adj.,   Vestal. 
vester,  vestra,  vestrum,  your. 
Veturia,  ae,  f.,  Veturia,  a  woman's 

name. 
Veturius,   i   (ii),   m.,    Veturius,   a 

man's  name, 
vetus,  gen.  veteris,  old,  long-stand- 
ing. 
vexo,  1,  harass,  annoy ;  ravage. 
via,  ae,  f.,  way,  road. 
vicesimus,  a,  um,  twentieth. 
victor,  oris,  m.,  victor. 
victoria,  ae,  f.,  victory. 
vicus,  i,  m.,  village. 
video,  ere,  vidi,  visus,  see;  in  pass., 

be  seen ;  seem,  appear. 
vigilia,  ae,  f.,  watch  (of  the  night), 
viginti,  indecl.,  twenty. 
vincio,   ire,    vinxi,    vinctus,    bind, 

tie. 
vinc5,  ere,  vici,  victus,  conquer. 
vinculum,  i,  n.,  chain. 
vindex,  icis,  m.,  champion. 
vindico,  1,  claim,  defend,  protect. 
vinea,  ae,  f.,  vineyard,  trellis. 
vir,  i,  m.,  man. 
vires,  pi.'  of  vis. 
virga,  ae,  f.,  rod,  switch. 
Virginia,  ae,  f.,  Virginia,  a  woman's 

name. 
Virginius,  i  (ii),  m.,  Virginius,  a 

man's  name. 
virgo,  inis,  f.,  virgin,  maiden. 
virgula,  ae,  f.,  rod. 
virtus,  tiitis,  f.,  valor,  virtue. 
vis,   vis,   f.    (ace.    vim),    violence; 

number  ;  vim  facere,  do  violence, 

violate  ;  pi.  vires,  ium,  strength. 
visus,     perf.     pass,     participle    of 

video, 
vita,  ae,  f.,  life. 
vito,  1,  avoid. 

vix,  scarcely,  with  difficulty. 
voco,  1,  call,  summon;  name. 


volo 


229 


Xanthippus 


1.  volo,  l.Jly. 

2.  vol5,  velle,  volui,  wish,  be  will- 
ing (§  192). 

Volsci,  orum,  m.  pi.,  Volsci,  a  Latin 

tribe. 
volucer,  cris,  ere,  flying,  capable  of 

flight. 
Volumnia,    ae,    f.,     Volumnia,     a 

woman's  name. 


vox,  vocis,  f.,  voice,  word,  exclama- 
tion. 
vulnero,  1,  wound. 
vulnus,  eris,  n.,  wound. 
vulpes,  is,  f . ,  fox. 
vultus,  us,  m.,  countenance;  look, 

Xanthippus,   i,  m.,  Xanthippus,  a 
man's  name. 


ENGLISH-LATIN  VOCABULARY. 


abandon,  desero,  ere,  serui,  sertus. 
(able),    be    able,    possum,    posse, 

potul. 
absent,  be  absent,  absum,  esse,  aful, 

afuturus. 
(account),  on  account  of,  propter, 

prep.  w.  ace. 
accuse,  accuso,  1. 
across,  trans,  prep.  w.  ace. 
adjudge,  judico,  1. 
advance,  progredior,  i,  gressus  sum. 
advice,  consilium,  i  (ii),  n. 
after  (adv.)^  post. 
after  (conj.).,  postquam. 
after,  post,  prep.  w.  ace. 
afterwards,  postea. 
against,  contra,  prep.  w.  ace. 
all,  omnis,  e. 
almost,  paene. 
already,  jam. 
although,      though,      quamquam ; 

quamvis  ;  cum. 
always,  semper, 
ancestors,  majores,  um,  m. 
and,  et ;  -que  {enclitic)  ;  atque. 
announce,  ntintio,  1. 
another,  alius,  a,  ud. 
answer,    respondeo,     ere,     spondl, 

sponsum. 
any,  uUus,  a,  um  (§  61). 
anybody,  anyone,   anything,  quis- 

quam,      quaequam,      quidquam ; 

quis,  quid. 
any  you  please,  quilibet,  quaelibet, 

qliidlibet  or  quodlibet  (§  102). 
appoint,  dico,  ere,  dixl,  dictus  ;  lit., 

say. 


approach,  aditus,  us,  m. 
approach,  v.,  appropinquo,  1 ;  adeo, 

Ire,  il,  itus. 
approve,  probo,  1. 
Ariovistus,  Ariovistus,  i,  m. 
arm,  armo,  1. 
army,  exercitus,  us,  m. 
army  on  the  march,  agmen,  minis,  n, 
as  long  as,  dum. 
as  soon  as,  simul  atque  (ac). 
ask,  rogo,  1. 
assemble  (intrans.),  convenio,  ire, 

venl,  ventum. 
assistance,    subsidium,    i    (ii),    n., 

auxilium,  i  (il),  n. 
(at  hand),  be  at  hand,  adsum,  esse^ 

adful,  adfuturus. 
at  once,  statim. 
Athens,  Athenae,  arum,  /. 
attack,  adorior,  Iri,  ortus  sum. 
attack,  assault  (a  town),  oppugnoy 

1. 
avoid,  vito,  1. 

bad,  malus,  a,  um. 

barbarian  {adj.),  barbarus,  a,  um  ; 

{noun),  barbarus,  i,  m. 
battle,  proelium,  i  (ii),  n. 
be,  sum,  esse,  fui,  futtirus. 
be  able,  possum,  posse,  potui  (§  183). 
bear,  fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus. 
beast  of  burden,  jumentum,  i,  n. 
because,  quod  ;  quia  ;  cum  (§  319). 
become,  fio,  fieri,  f actus  sum. 
before  {prep,  and  adv.),  ante. 
before  {conj.)y  antequam,  priusquam, 
begin,  coepi,  coepisse  (§  198). 


231 


behoove 


232 


day- 


behoove,  it  behooves,  oportet,  ere, 

oportuit  (§  202). 
Belgians,  Belgae,  arum,  m. 
believe,  credo,  ere,  credidi,  creditus. 
betake  oneself,  confero,  ferre,  tuli, 

collatus,  with  the  reflexive  pron. 
better,  melius. 
between,  inter,  prep.  w.  ace. 
blame,  culpo,  are,  avi,  atus. 
boat,  navis,  is,/. 
booty,  praeda,  ae,  /. 
born,  be  born,  nascor,  i,  natus  sum. 
born,  natus,  a,  um. 
both,  each,  uterque,  utraque,  utrum- 

que. 
boundary,  finis,  is,  m. 
boy,  puer,  eri,  m. 
brave,  fortis,  e. 

bravely,  f ortiter  ;  from  the  adj. ,  for- 
tis, e. 
bridge,  pons,  pontis,  m. 
brief,  brevis,  e. 

bring,  affero,  ferre,  attull,  allatus. 
bring  about,  efficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus. 
bring   against,   infero,    ferre,   tull, 

illatus,  with  dat.  of  indirect  obj. 

(§  220,  III), 
bring  back,  refero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus. 
Britain,  Britannia,  ae,/. 
brother,  frater,  tris,  m. 
by  (^of  personal  agent)y  a,  ab,  prep. 

w.  abl. 

Caesar,  Caesar,  is,  m. 

call  (name),  appello,  1. 

call  (summon),  voco,  1. 

call  together,  convoco,  1. 

camp,  castra,  orum,  n. 

can  (be  able),  possum,  posse,  potul. 

captive,  captivus,  i,  m. 

capture,  capio,  ere,  cepi,  captus. 

cause,  causa,  ae,  /. 

cavalry,  equites,  um,  m.pl.  of  eques, 

itis ;     of     cavalry,     equestrian, 

equester,  tris,  tre. 


cease,  desisto,  ere,  destiti. 

certain,  certain  one,  qiiidam,  quae- 

dam,  quiddam  or  quoddam  (§  102). 
charge,  be  in  charge,  praesum,  esse, 

ful,   construed  with  dat.  (§  220, 

II,  a). 
charge,   put  in   charge,   praeficio, 

ere,  feci,  fectus,   construed  with 

dat.  (§  220,  III), 
children,  liberi,  orum,  m. 
choose,  deligo,  ere,  legl,  lectus. 
circumstance,  res,  ei,  /. 
citizen,  fellow  citizen,  civis,  is,  m. 
city,  urbs,  urbis,  /. 
coast,  ora,  ae,  /. 
cohort,  cohors,  rtis,  /. 
come,  venio.  Ire,  venJ,  ventum. 
command  (noun),  mandatum,  i,  n, 
command  (verb),  impero,  1. 
commander,  imperator,  oris,  m. 
common,  commiinis,  e. 
compel,  cogo,  ere,  coegl,  coactus. 
concern,  it  concerns,  interest,  esse, 

fuit. 
concerning,  de,  prep.  w.  abl. 
confer,  colloquor,  i,  lociitus  sum. 
conference,  colloquium,  i  (ii),  n, 
consul,  consul,  is,  m. 
consult  (with),  delibero,  1. 
contend,  dimico,  1. 
contented,  contentus,  a,  um, 
council,  concilium,  i  (il),  n. 
country,    native    country,    patria, 

ae,  /. 
courageously,   audacter,  from  adj. 

audax,  acis. 
cowardly,  ignavus,  a,  um. 
Crassus,  Crassus,  i,  m. 
cross,  transeo,  ire,  ii,  ittirus. 

danger,  periculum,  I,  n. 

dare,  audeo,  ere,  ausus  sum,  semi- 

dep. 
daughter,  filia,  ae,  /. 
day,  dies,  ei,  m. 


decide 


233 


fortune 


decide,  constituo,  ere,  ui,  titus. 

decree,  decerno,  ere,  crevi,  cretus. 

deep,  altus,  a,  uin. 

defend,  defendo,  ere,  fendi,  fensus. 

deliberate,  delibero,  are,  avi,  atus. 

delight,  delecto,  1. 

demand,  flagito,  1. 

depth,  altitudo,  inis,  /. 

desire,  wish,  opto,  1. 

difficult,  difficilis,  e. 

dignity,  dignitas,  atis,  /. 

discover,  reperio,  ire,  repperi,  reper- 

tus. 
dismiss,  dimitto,  ere,  misi,  missus. 
distant,  be  distant,    absum,    esse, 

aful,  afuturus. 
do,  facio,  ere,  feci,  factus. 
doubt,  be  in  doubt,  dubito,  1. 
drive  back,   repello,    ere,    reppull, 

repulsus. 
drive  out,  expello,  ere,  pull,  pulsus. 
duty,  officium,  i  (i!),  n, 

each,  quisque,  quaeque,  quidque. 
each   (of  two),   uterque,    utraque, 

utrumque. 
each  other,  sui,  sibi,  se;  also  iios, 

vos  used  reflexively  (§  289). 
eager,  alacer,  alacris,  alacre. 
easily,  facile,  from  adj.  facilis,  e. 
easy,  facilis,  e. 
else,  alius,  a,  ud. 
embankment,  rampart,  agger,  eris, 

m. 
encourage,  incito,  1. 
endeavor,    conor,    ari,    atus    sum, 

dep. 
endure,  perfero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus. 
enemy  (in  military  sense),  hostis,  is, 

c. ;  (collectively)  hostes,  ium,  m. 
enemy  (personal),  inimicus,  i,  m. 
enough,  satis  (§  236). 
entreat,  imploro,  1. 
envoy,  legatus,  i,  m. 
establish,  confirmo,  1. 


even,  etiam. 

not  even,  ne  .  .  .  quidem,  with  the 

emphatic  word  or  phrase  between, 
ever,  always,  semper, 
exhaust,  wear  out,   conficio,   ere, 

feci,  fectus. 
expect,  exspecto,  1. 

family  (stock),  genus,  eris,  n, 

farmer,  agricola,  ae,  m. 

father,  pater,  patris,  w. 

favor,  beneficium,  i  (ii),  n. 

fear  (noun),  timor,  oris,  m. 

fear  (verb),  timeo,  ere,  ul. 

fellow  citizen,  civis,  is,  m. 

fertile,  ferax,  acis. 

few,  pauci,  ae,  a. 

field,  ager,  agri,  m. 

fiercely,  acriter ;  from  the  adj., 
acer,  acris,  acre. 

fifteen,  quindecim. 

fight,  pugno,  1. 

fill  up,  compleo,  ere,  evi,  etus. 

find  (by  searching) ,  reperio.  Ire,  rep- 
peri, repertus. 

find  (come  upon) ,  invenio,  ire,  veni, 
ventus. 

first,  adj.,  primus,  a,  um. 

first,  adv.,  primum. 

fit  out,  equip,  instruo,  ere,  tixi, 
tictus. 

five,  quinque. 

flee,  flee  from,  fugio,  ere,  fiigl, 
fugittirus. 

fleet,  classis,  is,  /. 

(following),  on  the  following  day, 
postrldie. 

fond,  fond  of,  cupidus,  a,  um. 

foot,  pes,  pedis,  m. 

forage,  pabulum,  i,  n. 

ford,  vadum,  i,  n. 

forest,  silva,  ae, /. 

forget,  obliviscor,  i,  oblitus  sum, 

fortify,  mtinio,  ire,  Ivi,  itus. 

fortune,  f orttina,  ae,  /. 


fortune 


234 


inform 


fortune  (in  sense  of  property),  for- 
ttinae,  arum,  /. 

four,  quattuor. 

free  (adj.),  liber,  a,  um. 

free,  set  free,  libero,  1. 

friend,  amicus,  i,  m. 

friendship,  amicitia,  ae,  /. 

from,  a,  ab. 

from,  out  of,  e,  ex. 

from  (  =  of ) ,  with  verbs  of  demand- 
ing, etc.,  a,  ab. 

from,  after  verbs  of  hindering,  etc., 
quomiims,  ne. 

front  (adj.),  primus,  a,  um. 

Galba,  Galba,  ae,  m. 

garrison,  praesidium,  i  (ii),  n. 

gate,  porta,  ae, /. 

Gaul  (a  Gaul),  Gallus,  i,  m. 

Gaul  (the  country),  Gallia,  ae, /. 

Geneva,  Geneva,  ae,  /. 

German  (a  German),  Germanus,  i, 

m. 
Germany,  Germania,  ae,  /. 
get  ready  (trans.),  paro,  1. 
give,  do,  dare,  dedi,  datus. 
glad,  laetus,  a,  um. 
go,  eo,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  itum  (§  197). 
go  around,  circumeo,  ire,  ivi  (ii), 

itus  (§  197). 
go  away,  abeo,  ire,  ii,  iturus. 
good,  bonus,  a,  um. 
great,  magnus,  a,  um  (§  73). 
greatest  (of  qualities),  summus,  a, 

um. 
greatly,  magnopere. 
(ground) ,  on  the  ground  that,  quod. 
guard,  watch,  tueor,  eri. 

Haedui,  Haedui,  orum,  m. 

happen,  be  done,  fio,  fieri,  factus 
sum. 

happen,  it  happens,  it  befalls,  im- 
personal, accidit,  ere,  accidit. 

happy,  beatus,  a,  um. 


harass,  vexo,  are,  avi,  atus. 

harbor,  portus,  us,  m. 

harm,  detrimentum,  i,  n. 

hate,  odi,  odisse  (§  198). 

have,  habeo,  ere,  ui,  itus. 

he,  is  (ea,  id)  (§  94). 

hear,  audio,  ire,  ivi,  itus. 

heart,  courage,  animus,  i,  m. 

help,  auxilium,  i  (ii),  n. 

Helvetii,  Helvetii,  orum,  m. 

her,  suus,  a,  um  (§  87,  1),  reflexive* 

here,  hic. 

high,  altus,  a,  um. 

highest  (of  qualities),  summus,  a, 

um. 
hill,  collis,  is,  m. 
himself,  herself,  etc.,  sui,  sibi,  se, 

reflexive. 
hinder,  impede,  impedio,  ire,   ivi, 

itus. 
his,  suus,  a,  um,  reflexive. 
(home),  at  home,  domi  (§  277,  2). 
home  (to  one's  home),  domum  (§  216, 

1,6). 
honor,  honor,  oris,  m. 
hope,  spes,  ei,/. 
horseman,  eques,  itis,  m. 
hostage,  obses,  idis,  c. 
house,  domus,  us,  /. 
how  much,  followed  by  gen.  of  the 

whole  (§  236),  quantum. 
how  many,  quot,  indecl. 
hundred,  centum, 
hurry,    contendo,    ere,   tendi,   ten- 

tum. 

I,  ego,  mei. 

if,  si,  conj. 

in,  in,  prep.  w.  abl. 

inasmuch  as,  quoniam  (§  319). 

increase  (trans.),  augeo,  ere,  auxi, 

auctus. 
infantry,  pedites,  um,  m. 
inform,  certiorem  facio,   ere,   feci, 

factus. 


be  informed 


236 


be  informed,  certior  fio,  fieri,  factus 

sum. 
inhabitant,  incola,  ae,  m. 
injure,  uoceo,  ere,  ui,  iturus,  with 

the  dat.  (§  220,  II,  a). 
into,  in,  prep.  w.  ace, 
island,  insula,  ae,  /. 
Italy,  Italia,  ae,  /. 

javelin,  telum,  i,  n. 
join  (battle),  committo,  ere,  misi, 
missus. 

keep  away,  ward  off,  prohibeo,  ere, 

ui,  itus. 
kill,  interficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus. 
king,  rex,  regis,  m. 
know,  scio,  ire,  ivi,  itus. 

lack,  be  lacing,  desum,  deesse, 
defui  (§  182). 

land,  ager,  agri,  m. 

land  {as  opposed  to  the  water),  terra, 
ae,/. 

large,  magnus,  a,  um  (§  73). 

last,  last  part  of,  limiting  a  noun, 
extremus,  a,  um  (§  283,  1). 

law,  statute,  lex,  legis,  /. 

lead,  dtico,  ere,  duxi,  ductus. 

lead,  lead  out,  lead  away,  dediico, 
ere,  duxi,  ductus. 

lead  across,  tradHco,  ere,  duxi,  duc- 
tus. 

leader,  dux,  ducis,  c. 

leave,  relinquo,  ere,  liquT,  lictus. 

legion,  legio,  onis,  /. 

lend  (help),  fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus. 

less,  minus. 

lest,  ne. 

letter  (an  epistle),  litterae,  arum,  /. 

liberty,  libertas,  atis,  /. 

lieutenant,  legatus,  i,  m. 

life,  vita,  ae,  /. 

like,  similis,  e. 

line  of  battle,  acies,  ei,  /. 


little  (a  little),  paulum. 
long  (adj.),  longus,  a,  um. 
long  (adv.),  diu. 
love,  amo,  are,  avi,  atus. 
loyalty,  fides,  ei,  /. 

make,  facio,  ere,  feci,  factus. 

make  (somebody  or  something  safe, 
bold,  clear,  etc.),  reddo,  ere,  red- 
didi,  redditus. 

man,  homo,  inis,  c,  the  general 
term;  man  as  opposed  to  woman, 
or  as  a  complimentary  designa- 
tion, vir,  viri,  m. 

many,  multi,  ae,  a ;  very  many, 
compltires,  a ;  gen.  compltirium. 

march  (noun),  iter,  itineris,  n. 

march  (verb),  iter  facere,  lit.,  make 
a  march. 

march  forth,  egredior,  i,  gressus  sum. 

messenger,  ntintius,  i  (ii),  m. 

mile,  mille  passus,  lit.,  thousand 
paces ;  pi.,  milia  passuum. 

money,  pecunia,  ae,  /. 

more  (adv.),  magis. 

more  (substantive),  pliis,  pluris,  n, 

most,  plerique,  aeque,  aque. 

mountain,  mons,  mentis,  m. 

move,  moveo,  ere,  movi,  motus. 

much,  multus,  a,  um. 

my,  meus,  a,  um. 

name,  nomen,  inis,  n. 

narrow,  angustus,  a,  um. 

naval,  navalis,  e. 

necessary,  it  is  necessary,  necesse 

est. 
need,  there  is  need,  opus  est  (§  258, 

neglect,  neglego,  ere,  lexi,  lectus. 
next,  proximus,  a,  um  (§  73, 1  ;  228). 
no,  ntillus,  a,  um ;  in  answers,  see 

§  203,  3. 
no  one,    nemo,    dat.    nemini,    ace. 

neminem  ;  gen.  and  abl.,  wanting. 


noble 


236 


retard 


noble,  nobilis,  e. 

not,  non,  ne. 

(not),    is    not?    does    not?    e^c, 

nonne  (§  203,  2). 
not  even,  ne  .  .  .  quidem,  with  the 

emphatic  word  between, 
not  yet,  nondum. 
nothing,  nihil,  indecl. 
now  {at  the  present  time),  nunc, 
number,  numerus,  I,  m. 

of,  concerning,  de,  prep.  w.  abl. 

often,  saepe. 

on,  in,  prep.  w.  abl. 

on  all  sides,  undique,  adv. 

one,  unus,  a,  um. 

one  .  .  .  another,  alius  .  .  .  alius  ; 
the  one  .  .  .  the  other,  alter  .  .  . 
alter. 

onset,  impetus,  us,  m. 

opinion,  sententia,  ae, /. 

opportunity,  occasio,  onis, /. 

order,  levy,  impero,  1. 

order,  command,  jubeo,  ere,  jussi, 
jussus. 

other,  another,  alius,  a,  ud. 

other,  the  other,  alter,  a,  um. 

others,  all  the  others,  ceteri,  ae,  a. 

ought,  debeo,  ere,  ui,  itus ;  it  be- 
hooves, oportet,  ere,  oportuit. 

our,  our  own,  noster,  tra,  trum. 

overcome,  supero,  are,  avi,  atus. 

pace  (=  5  feet),  passus,  us,  m. 

part,  pars,  partis,  /. 

peace,  pax,  pacis,  /. 

people,  populus,  T,  m. 

perish,  intereo.  Ire,  ii,  ittirus  (§  197). 

permit,  permitto,  ere,  misi,  mis- 
sus. 

persuade,  persuadeo,  ere,  suasi,  sua- 
sum  (§  220,  II,  a). 

pity,  misericordia,  ae,  /. 

pity,  it  excites  pity,  miseret,  mise- 
rere, miseruit,  impersonal. 


place,  locus,  i,  m. 

place  in  charge,  in  command  over, 

praeficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus,  with  the 

dat.  of  indirect  obj. 
plan,  consilium,  i,  n. 
plunder,  diripio,  ere,  ripul,  reptus. 
Pompey,  Pompejus,  Pompel,  m. 
power,  potestas,  atis,  /. ;  denotes  the 

power  that  is  vested  in  an  official. 
praise,  laudo,  1. 

prefer,  malo,  malle,  malui  (§  192). 
present,  give,  dono,  1. 
present,  be  present,  adsum,   esse, 

ftii,  futtirus. 
prevail,  valeo,  ere,  valul,  iturus. 
put  in  charge,  praeficio,  ere,  feci, 

fectus  (§  220,  III), 
put  to  flight,  fugo,  are,  avI,  atus. 

quickly,  celeriter,  adv.,. from  the  adj., 
celer,  eris,  ere. 

rampart,  agger,  eris,  m. 

ravage,  vexo,  1. 

receive,  accipio,  ere,  cepT,  ceptus. 

recollection,  memoria,  ae, /. 

regret,  it  causes  regret,  paenitet, 

ere,  uit,  impersonal  (§  245). 
remain,   maneo,   ere,   mansi,  man- 

surus. 
remaining,  reliquus,  a,  um. 
remember,  bear  in  mind,  nasmini, 

isse  (§  242). 
remind,  admoneo,  6re,  ui,  itus. 
reply,     respondeo,     ere,    respond!, 

responsus. 
report  (noun),  fama,  ae, /. 
report  (verb),  ntintio,  1. 
reputation,  fama,  ae,  /. 
request,  seek,  peto,  ere,  petlvi  (il), 

Itus. 
resist,    resisto,     ere,    restiti,    with 

dat. 
rest,  the  rest,  ceteri,  ae,  a. 
retard,  tardo,  1. 


return 


237 


that  not 


return  (intrans.),  reverter,  i ;  redeo, 

ire,  ii,  itum. 
reward,  praemium,  i  (il),  n. 
Rhine,  Rhenus,  I,  m. 
river,  flumen,  Inis,  n. 
Roman,  Romanus,  a,  um  ;  a  Roman, 

Romanus,  i,  711. 
Rome,  Roma,  ae,  /. 

safety,  salus,  utis,  /. 

sake,  for  the  sake,  causa,  loith  gen.  ; 

the  gen.  always  precedes. 
same,  idem,  eadem,  idem  (§  95);  at 

same  time,  simul. 
save,  servo,  1. 
say,  dico,  ere,  dixi,  dictus. 
scarcely,  vix. 
sea,  mare,  is,  n. 
see,  video,  ere,  vidi,  visus. 
seem,  videor,  eri,  visus  sum. 
seize,  occupo,  1. 
self,  oneself,  sui,  sibi,  se. 
self  (i.e.  I  myself ^  you  yourself  etc.), 

ipse  in  apposition  with  the  subject 

or  object. 
sell,  vendo,  ere,  v6ndidi,  venditus. 
senate,  senatus,  us,  m. 
send,  mitto,  ere,  misi,  missus. 
Sequani,  Sequani,  orum,  m. 
set  out,  proficiscor,  i,  fectus  sum. 
she,  ea,/.  of  is  (§94). 
ship,  navis,  is,  /. 
(sides)  on  all,  undique. 
since  (causal)  ^  cum. 
six,  sex,  indecl. 
slave,  servus,  i,  m. 
small,  parvus,  a,  um  (§  73). 
so  (of  degree),  tarn. 
so,  thus  (of  manner),  ita,  sic. 
so  great,  tantus,  a,  um. 
so  many,  tot,  indecl. 
soldier,  miles,  itis,  m. 
some,    something,    aliquis,   aliqua, 

aliquid  or  aliquod. 
some  .  .  .  others,  alii  ,  .  .  alii. 


son,  filius,  i,  m. 

Spain,  Hispania,  ae,/. 

spare,  parco,  ere,  peperci,  parstirus 

(§  220,  II,  a). 
speak,  loquor,  i,  locutus  sum  ;  dico, 

ere,  dixi,  dictus. 
standard,  signum,  i,  n. 
state,  civitas,  atis,  /. 
station,  colloco,  1. 
stone,  lapis,  idis,  m. 
such,  talis,  e. 
suddenly,  subito. 
suffer,  patior,  i,  passus  sum. 
suitable,  idoneus,  a,  um. 
summer,  aestas,  atis,/. 
summon,  voco,  1. 

(superior),  be  superior  to,  supero,  1. 
surpass,  supero,  1. 
surrender  (oneself),  dedo,  ere,  de- 

didi,  deditus. 
surround,   circumvenio,    ire,    veni, 

ventus. 
suspicion,  suspicio,  onis,  /. 
sword,  gladius,  i  (ii),  m. 

take,  seize,  capio,  ere,  cepi,  captus. 
take  by  storm,  expugno,  1. 
talent,  talentum,  i,  n. 
tarry,  moror,  ari,  atus  sum. 
teach,  doceo,  ere,  ui,  doctus. 
tell,  say,  dico,  ere,  dixi,  dictus. 
ten,  decem,  indecl. 
terrify,  perterreo,  ere,  ui,  territus. 
than,  quam,  conj. ;  see  also  §  254. 
that,  is,  ea,  id ;  ille,  ilia,  lllud. 
that  of  yours,  iste,  ista,  istud. 
that,  rel.  pron.,  qui,  quae,  quod, 
that,  in  order  that,  ut;  qui,  quae, 

quod  w.  the  subj. ;  w.  comp. ,  quo. 
that,  on  the  ground  that,  quod. 
that,  lest,  with  verbs  of  fearing,  ne. 
that  not,  in  order  that  not,  ne. 
that  not,  with  verbs  of  fearing^  ut. 
that  (of  result),  ut. 

that  not,  ut  non. 


their 


238 


your 


their,  their  own,  suus,  a,  um. 

they,  see  he^  she,  etc. 

thing,  res,  rei,  /. 

this,  hie,  haec,  hoc. 

those,  as  antecedent  o/reZ.,  ei,  eae,ea. 

thou,  tu,  tui. 

though,  quamquam,  quamvis,  etsi, 

cum. 
thousand,  mllle  ;  pi.,  milia,  ium,  n. 
three,  tres,  tria. 
three  hundred,  trecenti,  ae,  a. 
till,  dum,  donee,  conj. 
time,  tempus,  oris,  n. 
to,  ad,  prep.  w.  ace. 
(top)  top  of,  with  a  noun,  summus, 

a,  um  (§  283). 
torture,  supplieium,  i  (il),  n. 
touch,  moveo,  ere,  movi,  motus. 
tower,  turris,  is,  /. 
town,  oppidum,  i,  n. 
tree,  arbor,  oris,/, 
trench,  fossa,  ae,  /. 
tribe,  gens,  gentis,  /. 
tribune,  tribtinus,  i.  m, 
troops,  copiae,  arum,  /. 
trust,  confido,  ere,  fisus  sum,  semi- 

dep.  (§  220,  II,  a). 
try,  make  trial,  tempto,  are,  avi, 

atus. 
twenty,  vigintT. 
two,  duo,  duae,  duo. 

under,  sub,  prep.  w.  ace. 
unharmed,  incolumis,  e. 
until,  dum,  donee,  quoad, 
unwilling,  invitus,   a,  um ;  be  un- 
willing, nolo,  nolle,  nolul. 
'  us,  nos,  nostrum,  nostri,  pi.  of  ego. 
Cf.  §  287,  2. 
use,  titor,  i,  usus  sum. 

valor,  virtus,  utis,  /. 
Veneti,  Veneti,  orum,  m. 
very    many,    eomplures,   a;    gen., 
complurium. 


victory,  victoria,  ae,  /. 
village,  vicus,  i,  m. 
virtue,  virtus,  utis,  /. 
voice,  vox,  vOcis, /. 

wage,  gero,  ere,  gessi,  gestus. 

wait,  exspecto,  1. 

war,  bellum,  i,  n. 

watch,  vigilia,  ae, /. 

welcome,  gratus,  a,  um. 

what?  quis  (qui),  quae,  quid  (quod). 

whatever,  quisquis,  quidquid. 

when?  quando. 

when,  rel.,  ubi,  ut,  cum. 

where?  ubi. 

where,  rel.,  ubi. 

whether,  num,  -ne. 

whither,  quo. 

while,  conj.,  dum  (§  331). 

who?  quis. 

who,  which,  rel.  pron.,  qui,  quae, 

quod. 
whole,  totus,  a,  um  (§  61). 
winter  quarters,  hiberna,  orum,  n. 
wish,  volo,  velle,  volui. 
with,  cum,  p7'ep.  w.  abl. 
withdraw,  discedo,  ere,  cessi,  ces^ 

stirus. 
without,  sine,  prep.  w.  abl. 
withstand,  sustineo,  ere,  ui,  tentus. 
word,  verbum,  i,  n. 
work  (a  work),  opus,  eris,  n. 
worthy,  dignus,  a,  um. 
wound  (noun),  vulnus,  eris,  n. 
wound   (verb),    vulnero,   are,    avI, 

atus. 
write,  seribo,  ere,  seripsi,  scriptus. 

year,  annus,  i,  m. 
yes,  see  §  203,  3. 
yet,  not  yet,  nondum. 
you,  tti,  tui. 

young  man,  adulescens,  entis,  m. 
your,  your  own,  tuus,  a,  um  ;  vester, 
tra,  trum. 


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15 


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16 


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pictures  reproducing,  in  all  cases,  ancient  statuary. 

Grammatical  references  are  to  the  author's  Latin  Grammar  and 
to  the  latest  editions  of  Allen  and  Greenough,  Harkness,  and 
Gildersleeve. 


The  Quantitative  Reading  of  Latin  Poetry. 

By  Professor  Charles  E.  Bennett.    i2mo,  paper,  49  pages.    Price, 
25  cents. 

BELIEVING  that  a  more  thorough  study  of  the  oral  reading 
of  Latin  Poetry  may  prove  a  source  of  pleasure  and  profit, 
not  only  to  the  pupils  but  also  to  many  teachers  of  the  language, 
Professor  Bennett  has  prepared  this  little  monograph  emphasiz- 
ing the  importance  of  the  knowledge  of  quantities  as  well  as  of 
rhythm. 

17 


LATIN, 

A  Latin  Grammar, 

By  Professor  Charles  E.  Bennett,  Cornell  University.    i2mo,  cloth, 
282  pages.     Price,  80  cents. 

IN  this  book  the  essential  facts  of  Latin  Grammar  are  pre- 
sented within  the  smallest  compass  consistent  with  high 
scholarly  standards.  It  covers  not  only  the  work  of  the  pre- 
paratory school,  but  also  that  of  the  required  courses  in  college 
and  university.  By  omitting  rare  forms  and  syntactical  usages 
found  only  in  ante-classical  or  post-classical  Latin,  and  by  disre- 
garding all  questions  that  are  purely  theoretical  or  historical,  it 
has  been  found  possible  to  treat  the  subject  with  entire  adequacy 
in  the  compass  of  250  pages  exclusive  of  Indexes.  In  the  Ger- 
man schools,  books  of  this  scope  fully  meet  the  exacting  demands 
of  the  entire  gymnasial  course,  and  the  host  of  teachers  who  have 
tried  Bennett's  Grammar  find  that  they  are  materially  helped  by 
the  absence  of  the  mass  of  useless  and  irrelevant  matter  which 
forms  the  bulk  of  the  older  grammars. 

The  Latin  Language:    A  Historical  Outline 
of  its  Sounds,  Inflections,  and  Syntax. 

By  Professor  Charles  E.  Bennett,  Cornell  University.    i2mo,  cloth, 
250  pages.     Price,  ^i.oo. 

THIS  volume  is  a  revision  of  the  work  published  by  Professor 
Bennett  in  1896,  entitled,  Appendix  to  Bennetfs  Latin 
Grammar.  Its  purpose  is  to  give  such  information  regarding 
the  history  and  development  of  the  Latin  language  as  experience 
has  shown  to  be  of  service  to  advanced  students. 

The  subjects  treated  are  the  Latin  Alphabet,  Pronunciation, 
Hidden  Quantity,  Accent,  Orthography,  The  Latin  Sounds, 
Inflections,  Adverbs  and  Prepositions,  and  Syntax.  Of  these 
subjects,  those  of  Hidden  Quantity,  Inflections,  and  Syntax  re- 
ceive special  attention ;  and  the  results  of  recent  investigation 
are  set  forth  fully  and  clearly,  but  in  compact  form. 

14 


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